Objective To investigate the current condition of essential hypertension in the elderly aged over 60 yrs in rural and urban areas in Jinan. Methods 2 626 subjects aged over 60 years in rural and urban of Jinan were involved and were examined. The investigation was based on the unified questionnaire. The contents of questionnaire mainly included the history, treatment and control of hypertension. Results Prevalence of hypertension and rate of treatment in the male elderly in urban were 64.1% and 61.5% , respectively, and were higher than those in rural (56.9% and 38.3%, respectively). The treatment rate in female was higher in urban (60.8%) than in rural (43.1%) (P

OBJECTIVE:To provide a reference for reducing adverse events due to off-label use of drugs and promoting ratio-nal use of intravenous drugs in Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. METHODS:The pre-scriptions of intravenous drugs in 42 wards of our hospital from Jul. 2013 to Jun. 2014 were reviewed,and then off-label use of drugs were analyzed,where statistics was made mainly to drug overdose,the use of drugs at the concentration beyond the standards (including concentrations too high and too low) and associated conditions. RESULTS:There were 622 irrational prescriptions,in-cluding 60 concerning off-label use of drugs,accounting for 9.6% of irrational prescriptions,in which 40 were involved with the concentration which was too high,accounting for the highest percentage(66.7% of prescriptions related to off-label use of drugs), 17 were related to drug overdose(28.3% thereof),and 3 were in relation to the concentration which was too low(5.0% thereof). CONCLUSIONS:Pharmacy intravenous admixture service may,through the communication between the pharmacist and the doc-tor,refuse to make up the above-mentioned prescription which was found to be irrational(including that involving in off-label use of drugs)or make up such prescription after it is modified according to the requirements as specified in the label to reduce the occur-rence of off-label use of drugs so as to promote rational drug use.

Objective To study the protective effects of aldioxa tablets on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rat model. Methods Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Ⅰ (injury group), Ⅱ (control group), Ⅲ (sucralfate protective group), Ⅳ (aluminium hydroxide protective group), and Ⅴ (aldioxa protective group). The three protective groups were treated with sucralfate, aluminium hydroxide and aldioxa tablets respectively before gastric mucosal injury was induced. Then the ulcer index (UI), epithelial damage scoring (EDS) were measured, and the pathological changes on histological sections and ultrastructural sections of gastric mucosa were assessed under microscope or electron microscope. Results The data of group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ obtained were as follow: ulcer index: 42.13±6.22, 3.13±1.46, 8.63±3.48, 18.00±6.16, 8.00±3.17, respectively; epithelial damage scoring: 3.67±0.49, 1.25±0.45, 1.41±0.51, 2.42±0.79, 1.50±0.52, respectively. In comparison with injury group, the ulcer index and epithelial damage scoring of gastric mucosa in aldioxa protective group were significantly decreased. Conclusions The results revealed that aldioxa tablets had a significant protection effect on rats with acute gastric mucosal injury induced by aspirin.

The classification of diagnosis and treatment is based on the classification of disease, and medical institutions at different levels bear different diseases to achieve the first contact care in primary hospitals and two-way referral.As one of the common chronic diseases, diabetes is a serious threat to human health.The classification of diagnosis and treatment model is beneficial to controlling blood sugar and promoting the integrated management of chronic diseases.Clinical pharmacists as medical and pharmaceutical professionals can provide pharmacy services to promote rational drug use in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.The article summarized the current methods for the classification of diagnosis and treatment model (diabetes mellitus) and the participation ways of clinical pharmacists in the model in order to provide new ideas for the comprehensive management of diabetes mellitus.

Objective To study the effect and mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress on hippocampal neuron apoptosis and cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetic rats. Methods Ten rats were randomly selected as normal control group (Con group) from thirty Wistar rats, and the remaining twenty rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to prepared for type 1 diabetic rat model. The successful model rats were randomly divided into diabetic group (DM group) and diabetic +Salubrinal group (DM+Sal group). Rats of DM+Sal group were injected by lateral ventricle with Salubrinal ( 75μmol/L, 1μL). Rats of Con group and DM group were given the equal volume of normal saline. The rat cognitive function was assayed by Morris water maze test. The hippocampal neuron apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry methods. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, GRP78, CHOP and Caspase12, and the mRNA levels of GRP78 and CHOP, were examined by Western blot assay and Real-time PCR, respectively. Results Compared with the Con group, the cognitive function was significantly decreased in DM group, and the apoptotic rate of hippocampal neurons was increased. The protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78, CHOP and Caspase12 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mRNA levels of GRP78 and CHOP were also higher in DM group (P<0.05). After the injection with Salubrinal, the cognitive function was improved and hippocampal neuron apoptotic rate was decreased in DM+Sal group compared with those of DM group. Moreover, the protein levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase12 were significantly decreased (P<0.05) and the mRNA levels of GRP78 and CHOP were also lowered in DM+Sal group (P<0.05). Conclusion The cognitive impairment and the higher apoptotic rate appear in the diabetic rats, and endoplasmic reticulum stress may play an important role in it.

Objective:To study the relationship between rs 2228314 polymorphism in sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 gene (SREBP2) and obesity, serum lipid levels in children and adolescents . Methods:In our study , 2 030 children and adolescents aged from 7 to 18 years participated .Anthropo-metric measurements, including height and weight, were performed.Their serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) were detected .The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS ) was used to detect rs2228314 genotypes.Results: The GC/CC genotypes of rs2228314 polymorphisms had lower HDL-C levels than GG genotype [(0.10 ±0.35) mmol/L vs. (0.14 ±0.36) mmol/L, P=0.020].The rs2228314 polymorphism was associated with the abnormal HDL-C level under the dominant model after adjustment for study samples , sex and age ( OR=1.400, 95%CI:1.027-1.907, P=0.033).The rs2228314 polymorphism was not associated with obesity un-der the dominant model after adjustment for study samples , sex, age and HDL-C level ( OR=1.178, 95%CI: 0 .971 -1 .430 , P =0 .096 ) . Conclusion: The GC/CC genotype carriers of SREBP2 rs2228314 polymorphism have higher risk of abnormal HDL-C level than the individuals with GG geno-type among children and adolescents .

Objective: To examine the association between polymorphism of rs10185316 in insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2) and blood pressure among children and adolescents. Methods: 9 junior middle schools in Dongcheng District of Beijing and 5 schools (3 primary junior middle schools, 2 primary schools) in Haidian District of Beijing were chosen in 2005 and 2007, respectively. According to the Chinese BMI percentile criteria for screening overweight and obesity in school children, we recruited 1 425 overweight or obese children and 605 normal weight children. A total of 2 018 students with complete data of blood pressure and genotype data were included in this study. According to the blood pressure criterion of children and adolescents, 702 participants were categorized into high blood pressure group and 1 316 into normal blood pressure group. Participants' information of gender, age, height, weight and blood pressure were collected by questionnaire and physical examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood sample for genotyping of INSIG2 rs10185316 polymorphism. Multiple linear regression was conducted to analyze the associations between rs10185316 polymorphism in INSIG2 and SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure. Results: The age, BMI, SBP and DBP of the high blood pressure group were separately (14.3±1.4) years old, (27.3±4.2) kg/m², (130.5±10.9) and (76.7±13.3) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), all higher than that of the normal blood pressure group, which were (12.2±2.9) years old, (22.0±4.0) kg/m², (104.4±10.9) and(54.6±15.2) mmHg, respectively (all P values<0.001). After age, sex, district and BMI adjusted, compared with the participants carrying INSIG2 rs10185316 CC genotype, CG/GG genotype carriers had lower DBP (β(95%CI):-1.67(-2.84--0.50), P=0.005), higher PP(β(95%CI): 1.91(0.61-3.20), P=0.004), and lower MAP(β(95%CI):=-1.03(-2.01--0.05), P=0.039). Conclusion INSIG2 rs10185316 polymorphism was associated with DBP, PP and MAP among children and adolescents in an independent way from BMI.

Objective To evaluate and analyze the drug-drug interactions(DDI)of different antidiabetic drugs.Methods DDI database Lexi-InteractionTMwas used to evaluate DDI for 28 commonly used antidiabetic medications(including insulin and 27 non-insulin preparations).Results 882 DDIs were identified for 28 drugs.Category C was the top rated DDI(69.8%). Category C,D,X were accounted for 91.2% of the total DDI.28 medication combinations belonged to category X,which should be avoided to use together.Sulfonylureas had the most DDI,followed by metformin.Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors had least DDI.Conclusion Hypoglycemic drugs with less DDI,such as α-glycosidase inhibitors,glucagon-likepeptide1(GLP-1)an-alogs and sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitor(SGLT2i)should be considered with high priority for patients tak-ing multiple antidiabetic medications,elderly patients and patients with liver-kidney dysfunction.

Objective:To observe the glycemic profiles and emotion management in diabetic patients after the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods:A questionnaire survey was used to observe the blood glucose levels and metabolic indexes before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, and to detect emotion ratings after the outbreak of COVID-19. The aim of the study is to present the effects of the COVID-19 on glycemic and emotional management in diabetic patients.Results:A total of 136 patients were included in this survey. The average age of the patients was 62.5 years old, and the average duration of diabetes was 10.1 years. Glycemic profiles(fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, HbA 1C), lipid profiles(triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and body weight were not significantly different before and after the outbreak of COVID-19( P>0.05). According to emotional scales(scores of anxiety, depression, and sleep-related scales), 76.5% diabetic patients did not develop anxiety symptoms, 61.0%~69.9% diabetic patients did not have depressive symptoms and 52.0% diabetic patients did not have sleep disorder. 19.9% diabetic patients had mild anxiety symptoms, 25.7%~30.9% diabetic patients presented mild depression symptoms and 28.3% diabetic patients had mild sleep disorders. 2.9% diabetic patients had moderate anxiety, 2.2%~8.1% diabetic patients had moderate depression and 14.2% diabetic patients had moderate sleep disorder. Only a very small part of patients presented severe emotional symptoms including 0.7% patients with anxiety symptoms(GAD-7 15 points and above), 2.2% patients with depressive symptoms(PHQ9 and PHQ15 15 points and above)and 5.6% patients with sleep symptoms(PSQI 15 points and above). Compared with asymptomatic patients, neither patients with mild and moderate/severe depression and sleep disorder showed significant difference in HbA 1C, nor did patients with moderate/ severe anxiety symptoms. However, patients with mild anxiety symptoms showed significant lower HbA 1C than asymptomatic patients. Conclusion:After the outbreak of COVID-19, there was an increasing trend in blood glucose, but there was no statistical difference. Body weight, lipids profiles were not different in diabetic patients, either. Most of diabetic patients had mild symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disorders. Very few patients presented moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disorders.

Objective To investigate the association between rs780094 polymorphism in glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) and plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents. Methods 1 026 Chinese children aged 7 to 18 years were recruited,with anthropometric measurements,detection of plasma lipid levels and genotyping of rs780094 performed. Relationships between polymorphism and plasma lipid levels were tested,using multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. Results A-allele of rs780094 in GCKR was associated with increased TC,TG and LDL-C levels(b=0.06 mmol/L,P=0.037;b=0.09 mmol/L,P<0.001;b=0.05 mmol/L,P=0.040) under the additive model adjusted for age,age square and gender. The rs780094 in GCKR was also associated with abnormal levels of TG and LDL-C(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.30-1.97,P<0.001;OR=1.35,95%CI:1.02-1.80,P=0.036). Conclusion The rs780094 in GCKR was associated with plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents while A-allele of rs780094 might serve as genetic factor for the increased plasma lipid levels.