Objective To observe the changes of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in rats. Methods Models of various degrees of DAI (mild, moderate and severe) were established in 135 SD rats by Marmarou method, and MRI examinations were performed 4, 8 and 24 h after injury. Another 8 rats were served as control group. The findings of MRI were analysed, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were compared among each group. Results No clear traumatic lesion was found from MRI in rats after injury. Four hours after injury, ADC values decreased in each DAI group, and there were significant differences between moderate DAI group and control group, and between severe DAI group and control group (P<0.05). Eight hours after injury, ADC values increased in each DAI group, and there was no significant difference between DAI groups and control group (P>0.05). There were significant differences in ADC values between 8 h after injury and 4 h after injury in severe DAI group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in moderate and mild DAI groups (P>0.05). Twenty-four hours after injury, ADC values continuously increased, especially in severe trauma group. Conclusion ADC values may reveal traumatic changes that can not be demonstrated by MRI. ADC values decrease in acute phase of DAI in rats, then increased, and the degree of variation may be related to the severity of DAI.

Objective To discuss the value of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in severity assessment and prognosis prediction of diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Methods A retrospective study was performed on the clinical imaging data and the follow-up results at six months after injury in 29 patients with DAI. The detection rate of DAI lesion by DWI and conventional MRI was compared by means of one-way ANOVA. The correlation between the number of lesion in different areas with GCS and GOS was analyzed with Spearman rank correlation test. Results (1)The average detected DAI lesions were 19.24±5.72 on DWI, 14.41 ±4.50 on FLAIR, 10.58±3.79 on T2WI and 4.83 ±2. 11 on TIWI, with the highest detection number of DAI lesion on DWI (P < 0, 05). (2) There was a significant correlation of the number of central lesions (in corpus callosum, basal ganglia and brain stem) with GCS and COS (P < 0. 05), but there was no correlation of total lesion number or periphery lesion with GCS and COS (P > 0.05). Conclusions DWI is a potentially useful imaging modality in detecting DAI lesion, when the number of central lesion on DWI can be served as an objective marker in severity assessment and prognosis prediction of DAI.

Objective:In this study, the feasibility of this method was evaluated in children with large distance femoral lengthening cases, and the acute correction and staging surgeries were compared at healing speed. At the same time the key points of surgical techniques would be summarized, so as to clarify the application value of this technology in children patients.Methods:Since July 7 of 2014 to January 16 of 2018, a total of 10 cases of Lengthening Over Retrograde Nail (LORN) surgery have been formulated and carried out, including 9 males and 1 females.The average age of the operation was 13.10±2.18 y. In all cases, the osteotomy point was located in the metaphysis of the distal femur, and the records from the first meeting to the end of follow-up included gender, date of birth, reason of discrepancy and treatment history, age at surgery, lengthing distance, the length of duration with frame, healing time, ROM of the knee joint, complications, et al. To compare the healing time of acute correction and staging surgery. Statistical analysis was made by SPSS 22.0 software, and then reasonable treatment strategies were proposed.Results:The average lengthing distance of 7.07±1.01 cm. The median time of the duration with frame was 8.5 (4,16) months, and the median follow-up time was 39 (34, 54) months. All cases obtained good clinical and imaging healing (1.70±1.10 month/cm vs. 1.16±0.54 month/cm), and all regained to normal walking function (136.67°±20.82° vs. 125.71°±26.37°), without the occurrence of fracture after therapy. There were no statistically significant differences in the speed of healing, range of joint motion or complication rate between acute correction and staging treatment. Conclusion:It is feasible for femoral lengthening surgery assisted by retrograde intramedullary nail in the treatment of femoral shortening deformityin children. The correction of mild angular deformity and lengthening surgery can be performed simultaneously. The osteotomy site was proposed at distal metaphysealof the femur for better quality of osteogenesis and shorter duration for fixator. It is safe to osteotomy and lengthening in the area of enchondroma.

Liver transplantation is a major treatment for patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-related end-stage cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and severe alcoholic hepatitis. In this article, the latest research progress on liver transplantation in ALD patients was summarized from the aspects of surgical indications, survival status, alcohol-drinking management and systemic disease management of the recipients, aiming to provide reference for better clinical management of ALD recipients undergoing liver transplantation.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of homocysteine(HCY)and cystatin C(Cys-C)in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)-associated vasculitis(AAV)associated renal injury,and to explore the diagnostic value of combined detection of HCY and Cys-C in ANCA-associated renal injury.Methods We selected 70 ANCA-positive patients with renal injury admitted to the Department of Nephrology in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2019.Another 48 patients with ANCA-positive but not complicated with renal injury were in simple ANCA positive group while 50 patients with physical examination who came to the hospital during the same period were in control group.Healthy patients served as the control group.By comparing the differences in the test results of different groups,the area under the curve(AUC)of each test index for ANCA-positive renal injury was determined,and the correlation and diagnostic value of combined detection of HCY and Cys-C for ANCA-related renal injury were calculated.Results The levels of HCY and Cys-C in the ANCA positive combined with renal injury group,the pure ANCA positive group,and the control group differed significantly(P＜0.05).The positive rates of HCY and Cys-C in the two groups were significantly different(P＜0.05).The sensitivity and specificity of HCY and Cys-C in combination for the diagnosis of ANCA-positive related renal injury were significantly higher than those of the above indicators alone(P＜0.05).ROC curve results showed that HCY combined with Cys-C had a better diagnosis for patients with positive ANCA and associated renal injury and a higher correlation.Conclusion HCY combined with Cys-C is closely correlated to ANCA-related renal injury,and the combined detection has a positive effect on the diagnosis of patients with ANCA-positive related renal injury,and has guiding value for the treatment of patients.

Objective: To explore differences in the detection rate of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children aged 6-8 years old, and to verify the apparent existence of white-coat hypertension (BP) in children. Methods: Based on census data(PROC), and three subsequent BP readings were taken during follow-ups which were carried out from October 2018 to June 2019. A total of 1 785 children were included in the present study. Using updating blood pressure reference for Chinese children aged 3-17 years, compared the BP detection rate at baseline, at the first follow-up, and the average value of the last two BP readings. Fluctuations in the detection rate of elevated BP in children at different time-points were analyzed. Results: The detection rates of the three elevated BP measurements of 6-8-year-old children were 57.65%, 25.88% and 15.46%, respectively, and the detection rate was higher among boys than girls. The detection rate of baseline BP was higher than that of the first follow-up BP measurements and the average of the last two BP measurements(P<0.01). Given the agreement in the diagnosis of high SBP, high DBP, high BP at baseline, and the average of the last two follow-up BP measurements, elevated BP at baseline was the lowest among the three groups and SBP was higher than DBP. Conclusion Blood Pressure fluctuations might be caused by transient tension that was experienced during the baseline BP measurement and during the first of the three follow-ups. Therefore, the average value of last two BP measurements may better reflect the real BP level in children.

Objective:In this study, lengthening over nail (LON) and plating after lengthening (PAL) were compared by the process of treatment and therapeutic effect in the children's femoral lengthening cases,to guide treatment choices; and in the PAL group there was another comparison between different timeline of plate fixation after lengthening to formulate reasonable technical route.Methods:Since January 7, 2014 to September 10, 2018, a total of 21 cases of LON and PAL surgery had been carried out, including 12 males and 9 females. The average age at their operation was 12.43±3.12 years. There were 10 patients in the LON group and 11 patients in the PAL group, in the PAL group 5 cases was synchronous fixation, which means removal of the external fixator and plate fixation would be performed in the same surgery, 6 cases was asynchronous fixation, which means plate fixation would be performed at least 2 weeks later after the removal offixator to reduce the risk of infection. The recorded data includesgender, date of birth, reason of discrepancy and treatment history, age at surgery, lengthening distance, the length of duration with frame, healing time, total duration time and total blood loss of seriesoperations, ROM of the knee joint, complications, etc.Statistical analysis was made by SPSS 22.0 software, and then reasonable treatment strategies were proposed.Results:In the LON group, the medianlengthening distance was 7.10 (6.63, 7.70) cm, the median total duration time was 300 (240, 330) min, the medianspeed of healing was 1.12 (0.78, 1.72) month/cm, complications were found in 3 cases, the median ROM of knee joint was 125.00° (117.50°, 150.00°); in the PAL group, the data respectively were 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) cm, 260 (230, 465) min, 1.00 (0.75,1.71) month/cm, 3 cases, 100.00° (90.00°, 150.00°), the difference between them was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). 2. In the PAL group, the difference of number of surgeries, total duration time, total blood loss, complication rate, healing speed and postoperative function between synchronous and asynchronous fixation was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion:They are similarbetween LON and PAL techniques in the process of treatment and therapeutic effect. The surgeons could make choices according to the growth potential of the patients and their own custom operation methods. In the case of the current sample size, there is no statistical difference in the therapeutic effect between the synchronous and asynchronous plate fixation in the PAL method, but the sample size needs to be increased for further study.

Objective:To analyze the associated symptoms of progressive symmetrical erythema keratosis (PSEK) and the related literature was reviewed.Methods:Two Mongolian PSEK families in the dermatology department of the People′s Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2016 to 2017 were collected, and 40 complete PSEK families and 156 sporadic cases at home and abroad published since 1980 to 2020 were searched by using the database to analyze the concomitant symptoms of PSEK.Results:A total of 40 complete PSEK families were included, including 714 cases. The incidence of PSEK was 57.38% in foreign countries and 37.42% in China; The most common concomitant symptoms abroad were palmoplantar keratosis (PPK), followed by nail changes, neurological symptoms, dysplasia, combined with variable erythema keratosis (EKV), and the concomitant symptoms were more serious; The most common concomitant symptoms in China were nail changes, followed by PPK, damp hyperhidrosis, pruritus, pain and some skin diseases, and the concurrent symptoms were mild.Conclusions:PSEK has many associated symptoms and the molecular genetic mechanism is still unclear. It is necessary to conduct a more comprehensive and in-depth study and understanding of the disease through the development of sequencing technology and the expansion of clinical cases.

Objective: The study aimed to explore sex differences in the growth and physical development of Beijing school-aged children and adolescents. Methods: Data obtained from regular health examinations of 94 122 school-aged children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old were collected from primary and high schools in Shunyi District from 2009 to 2018, and a longitudinal dataset was compiled with complete anthropometric parameters including height, weight, and BMI levels after linkage of individuallevel information. The age-specific growth rate was calculated and a linear mixed-effects model was used to identify sex differences according to chronological or relative age to peak height velocity (PHA). Results: Height, weight, and BMI levels increased with age in both boys and girls. Girls were taller than boys in the 10-11 year-old age group, catch-up growth in height was observed in boys at age 12, whose height surpassed that of girls thereafter. Boys had a higher weight and BMI than girls in all age groups (P<0.01). Sex differences were found in the growth rates of height, weight, and BMI levels(t=-67.56，-47.46，3.22，P<0.01), which was demonstrated by the interaction effect of sex and age in the linear mixed-effects model. The PHA in boys was 12 years old, which was two years later than the PHA in girls. Boys reached peak weight velocity at 12 years old, lagging one year behind girls who reached their peak at 11 years old. The curves of the BMI growth rate with age showed double peaks in boys and the first peak appeared at 10 years, which was one year earlier than girls. The change in weight was highly synchronized in time with the increase in height, after adjusting for the growth rate of weight by PHA. Weight velocity increased with age before the onset of puberty until PHA, and then it declined; boys presented with obvious fat accumulation before the onset of puberty. Conclusion Sex differences in the growth and physical development of school-aged children and adolescents were persistent and apparent, and the change in weight was highly synchronized in time with the increase in height.

Objective: To explore sex differences between weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes among school-age children and adolescents in Beijing, and to provide a basis for priority intervention to control the rapid growth of body weight and blood pressure. Methods: Anthropometric measurement data of 70 288 children and adolescents from primary and high schools in Shunyi District were collected from 2009 to 2018, and a longitudinal dataset with complete data related to weight and BP after individual data linkage was compiled. The age-specific weight and SBP growth rates were calculated, and a linear mixed-effects model was used to identify sex differences in chronological growth rates. Results: Weight and SBP increased with age in both boys and girls, and the mean weight and SBP were higher in boys than in girls across all age groups. The result of the linear mixed-effects model indicated apparent sex differences in weight and SBP growth rates, with an age and sex interaction term(β=-0.35, -0.40, P<0.01). The age at peak weight velocity (PWA) was 12 years old and the age at peak SBP velocity was 13 years old in boys, which occurred one and three years later than for girls, respectively. In addition, the peak weight and SBP velocity were higher in boys than in girls. The curves of the SBP growth rate adjusted for the PWA, showed that the peak SBP velocity occurred two years before PWA and the second peak SBP velocity occurred at the PWA, which indicated "double peaks" in both boys and girls. The SBP growth rate was always higher in boys than in girls, and the rates declined after PWA. Conclusion Sex differences in weight and SBP growth rates were persistent and obvious in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing and the change in SBP was highly time synchronized with the increase in weight.