To study the chemical constituents from the bark of Myrica rubra, fourteen compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of chemical properties and spectroscopic data, as 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxymyricanol (1), myricanol (2), myricanone (3), myricanol 11-sulfate (4), myricitrin (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (7), tamarixol (8), uvaol (9), ursolic acid (10), taraxerol (11), myricadiol (12), β-sitosterol (13) and β-daucosterol (14). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, named as 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxymyricanol, compounds 8, 9 were isolated from the genus Myrica for the first time.

Objective Brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) significantly reduces the survival time of the patients, and no effective tool is yet available for the prediction of the risk.This study aimed to develop an effective and feasible nomogram for predicting brain metastasis of NSCLC after radical surgery.Methods This retrospective study included 636 cases of NSCLC treated by radical resection of the tumor in our hospitals between January 2010 and January 2014.Based on the analysis of the risk factors for brain metastasis, we developed a nomogram using logistic regression with the R-language, calculated the confidence interval (CI) of the C-index using the bootstrap, and then internally verified the overfitting degree of the model to evaluate its stability.Results Brain metastasis developed in 94 of the 636 patients.According to the results logistic regression analysis, the risk factors for brain metastasis included history of cigarette smoking (OR=1.783, 95% CI: 1.037-3.066), pathological types (OR=0.453, 95% CI: 0.275-0.744), the T stage (OR=2.047, 95% CI: 1.511-2.774), and the N stage (OR=1.588, 95% CI: 1.154-2.184).The nomogram showed a coefficient of coincidence of 0.73 (0.71-0.82) and a mean absolute error rate of 0.012, which indicated an excellent stability.Conclusion The nomogram we developed can be used to predict the risk of brain metastasis in individual NSCLC patients after surgery, contributing to follow-up programs and preventive strategies for brain metastasis.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets (Ⅱ) in Chinese women with dysmenorrhea.Methods:This was a single-arm, open-label, interventional, multicenter, post-authorization safety/effectiveness study of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets (Ⅱ) across 6 treatment cycles, a total of 526 patients were included in the dysmenorrhea subgroup. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of menstrual pain. Secondary outcomes included unintended pregnancies, bleeding pattern, cycle control and safety.Results:After treated with drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets (Ⅱ), VAS of pain had decreased significantly compared with baselines [(49.5±23.7) vs (32.3±24.9) vs (20.7±19.4) vs (18.4±18.7) mm, P<0.01]. From the second cycle to the fifth cycle, the incidence of scheduled bleeding increased from 93.9% (450/479) to 96.4% (431/447). The duration of scheduled bleeding decreased from (5.7±2.7) to (5.4±1.8) days. The incidence of intermenstrual bleeding decreased from 9.0% (43/479) to 5.6% (25/447). 17.5% (92/526) patients reported adverse drug reactions, most frequently reported adverse events were breast pain, nausea, breast swelling, headache, and uterine bleeding. No death occurred during the study. Conclusion:Drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets (Ⅱ) is effective for the treatment of dysmenorrhea and has good safety.

OBJECTIVETo explore the status of diabetes prevention awareness among Chinese residents in order to provide the scientific basis for making intervention strategy.

METHODSA sample of 18-60 years old residents in six provinces was investigated from March to April in 2013.

RESULTSTotally, 17.8% of respondents answered all questions correctly about the awareness of diabetes. As for "Diabetes is a common chronic disease" got highest recognition rate (86.2%), and "Diabetes can be cured" got the lowest rate, 48.3%. 50.6% of respondents answered all questions correctly about the diabetes symptoms; and "thirsty, drink more water" got the highest recognition rate (75.3%). 17.8% of respondents answered all questions correctly about the complications of diabetes; and "causes of diabetes ketoacidosis" got the lowest rate of 31.6%. 12.3% of respondents answered all questions correctly about the diabetes high-risk group; the correct recognition rate for "family history" was the highest (75.1%); and the "macrosomia" got the lowest rate of 20.4%. 74.2% of respondents answered all questions correctly about the diabetes preventive measure;the correct cognition rate of a reasonable diet was the highest (92.0%), and the weight control was the lowest (81.5%). In addition, there are significant differences of knowledge score between different areas and genders. City residents' knowledge score about diabetes related views (6.2 ± 1.8), typical symptoms (2.9 ± 1.4), complication (4.1 ± 2.3), high-risk groups (3.4 ± 1.7), prevention measures (3.7 ± 0.9) were higher than rural residents (respectively 5.2 ± 2.2, 2.7 ± 1.5, 3.2 ± 2.3, 2.9 ± 1.8, 3.3 ± 1.2) (P < 0.05). Female residents' knowledge score about diabetes related views (5.7 ± 2), typical symptoms (2.9 ± 1.4), complication (3.8 ± 2.3), high-risk groups (3.1 ± 1.8), prevention measures (3.5 ± 1) were higher than male residents (respectively 5.5 ± 2.1, 2.7 ± 1.5, 3.5 ± 2.4, 3.1 ± 1.8, 3.4 ± 1.2, 18.1 ± 6.8) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe public is lack of diabetes prevention awareness, and city residents' knowledge score is higher than rural residents', females are higher than males.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the status of diabetes-related behaviors and affecting factors among urban and suburban residents in China.

METHODSA sample of 18-60 years old residents from Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Henan, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces was investigated by using stratified cluster random sampling method from March to May in 2013, and 4 282 residents were recruited. The Questionnaire of Health Literacy of Diabetes Mellitus of the Public in China was used to conduct the survey. χ(2) test was used to compare the different risk behavior characteristics of diabetes. The results of the survey were standardized by the 6th national census data. Multiple regression analysis was used to understand the affecting factors to related behaviors.

RESULTSAfter data standardization, 14.3% sat more than 6 hours every day, 57.6% exercised less than 3 times every week, 21.3% had no regularly daily diet, 58.7% paid no attention to diet control, 15.7% and 7.8% residents preferred salty and oily diet, 51.4% had physical examination less than 1 time every year, 29.7% were smokers, and 9.2% often drank. Urban residents spent much more time on sitting (18.2%) than rural residents (8.4%) (P < 0.05), and the rates of lack of physical exercise(52.7%), irregular diet (17.2%), paying no attention to diet control (51.9%), smokers (23.6%) among urban residents were lower than rural residents (60.1%, 21.4%, 62.5% and 32.1% respectively) (P < 0.05). The rates of irregular diet (24.6%), paying no attention to diet control (63.5%), high-salt and high-fat diet (30.1%), smokers (57.7%), drinking (18.7%) among men were higher than those in females (15.5%, 52.1%, 23.2%, 2.2%, and 0.8% respectively) (P < 0.05); regions, genders, educational levels, occupations were related to relative behaviors of diabetes, residents in rural areas (t = 7.829, P < 0.01), males (t = -21.760, P < 0.01), lower education level (t = 0.771, P < 0.01), as well as institution personnel (t = -4.240, P < 0.01) had lower behavior scores, which meant they had more risk behaviors related to diabetes.

CONCLUSIONThere were diabetes-related risk behaviors among both urban and suburban residents in China, such as insufficient physical exercise, no diet control and regular medical examinations. These risk behaviors happened more in rural areas than in urban areas, men than women, older age group than lower age group.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Alcohol Drinking ; China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat ; Exercise ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupations ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: Stroke patients may have various sensory-motor disorders, such as spasticity, muscle weakness or sensory damage. Spasticity affects 20% to 40% of stroke patients. Patients with spasticity may have problems such as pain, motor function damage, and the decreased range of motion, which leads to decline of activity and quality of daily life. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a technique that can improve post-stroke spasticity. Whole body vibration (WBV), as a passive neuromuscular muscle stimulation technique, can improve the posture control, muscle strength, and muscle work of different people. At present, there are still few studies using WBV combined with ESWT for the treatment of hemiplegic patients with stroke. This study aims to explore the effects of WBV combined with ESWT on spasticity of the affected lower limb and gait function in stroke patients. METHODS: From March 2020 to March 2021, 50 hemiplegic patients with stroke were treated in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the First Hospital of Changsha and they were assigned into a control group and a combined group, 25 cases per group. Both groups carried out conventional treatment, while the control group undertook the ESWT and fake WBV based on conventional treatment, and the combined group undertook ESWT after WBV and conventional treatment. Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Lower Extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA-LE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and parameters of three-dimensional gait analysis including kinematic parameters (peak value of hip flexion and knee flexion) and spatiotemporal parameters (velocity, cadence and stride length) were assessed before and after 4-week treatment between the 2 groups. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, MAS scores in 2 groups were lower than before (both P<0.05), and the combined group was lower than the control group (P<0.001); BBS and FMA-LE scores were higher than those before treatment (both P<0.05), and the combined group was higher than the control group (both P<0.001); in the control group, the walking speed, stride frequency, and stride length were higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the peak value of flexion hip and peak value of flexion knee (both P<0.05); the peak value of hip flexion, peak value of knee flexion, step speed, step frequency, and stride length in the combined group were higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05), and were higher than those in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS WBV combined with ESWT can improve the spasticity and motor function of the affected lower extremity, balance, and gait in hemiplegic patients with stroke.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy ; Gait ; Hemiplegia/therapy* ; Humans ; Muscle Spasticity/therapy* ; Stroke/complications* ; Stroke Rehabilitation/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Vibration/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the health literacy about diabetes prevention and control and its influencing factors among the public in China.

METHODSA multistage stratified random sampling method was applied to investigate urban and rural residents aged 18-60 years among six provinces in China during March and May, 2013. The Questionnaire of Health Literacy of Diabetes Mellitus of the Public in China was used to conduct the survey. The influencing factors of health literacy about diabetes prevention and control were analyzed by logistic regression. The results of the survey were standardized by the 6(th) national census data.

RESULTSA total of 4 416 persons were interviewed. A total of 4 282 valid questionnaires including 1 986 males (46.4%) and 2 296 females (53.6%) were obtained. The efficiency rate was 97.0%. The level of health literacy about diabetes prevention and control among the public in China was 32.7% (1 036/2 399). And this rate was 40.5%, 36.5% and 15.4% in east, middle and west of China, respectively. Take the west region as reference, the health literacy about diabetes prevention and control in east China was high (OR = 2.510, 95% CI: 1.931-3.263), central China was in the second place (OR = 2.083, 95% CI: 1.579-2.749). The health literacy about diabetes prevention and control among males was lower than that in females (OR = 0.488, 95% CI: 0.402-0.593). The higher education level the respondents had, the higher the health lireracy level about diabetes prevention and control. Taking the primary school and below education level as reference, the health lireracy level about diabetes prevention and control of respondents with a secondary education was higher (OR = 1.103, 95% CI: 0.812-1.499), and that of college or above degree was the highest (OR = 2.029, 95% CI: 0.460-0.870). The health literacy about diabetes prevention and control among civil servants and institution staff was high, the enterprise personnel was in the second place (OR = 0.632, 95% CI: 0.460-0.870), the literacy level among the rural residents was very low (OR = 0.339, 95% CI: 0.234-0.491). The health literacy about diabetes prevention and control among people who have a family history of diabetes was relatively higher (OR = 1.570, 95% CI: 1.222-2.018 ). The health literacy about diabetes prevention and control among people who considered that they have diabetes risk was higher than that among people who considered they didn't (OR = 1.821, 95% CI: 1.317-2.517).

CONCLUSIONThe east region, females, a high educational level, civil servants and public officers, having a family history of diabetes, self-assessed risk of getting diabetes were protective factors of health literacy about diabetes prevention and control.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education ; Female ; Health Literacy ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupations ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the epidemiological status of diabetes' risk factors among urban and suburban residents and their perceptions of their own health status and risk of diabetes.

METHODSStratified multi-stage sampling method was used to conduct the survey among 18-60 years old residents from Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Henan, Yunnan, and Qinghai provinces in China from March to May in 2013. The Questionnaire of Health Literacy of Diabetes Mellitus of the Public in China was used to conduct the survey, and then the data were analyzed. The main contents of the questionnaire included diabetes mellitus knowledge, diabetes mellitus risk factors and diabetes mellitus risk self-assessment. The results of the survey were standardized by the 6(th) national census data.

RESULTSA total of 4 416 respondents were surveyed, and 4 282 valid questionnaires were successfully collected during the survey and the response rate was 97.0%. After weighted adjustment, the overweight and obesity rate of the residents in 6 provinces was 35.3%, abdominal obesity rate was 54.7%. 77.8% of the residents without diabetes had more than one risk factor, but only 8.5% thought they might got diabetes. The residents with high risk behavior possessing rates of diabetes were in eastern areas (79.7%), urban areas (80.7%), men (84.1%), aged from 45 to 60(100.0%), below primary school education level (83.4%) and enterprise personnel (79.7%). The residents with high risk consciousness of getting diabetes were in eastern areas (11.0%), urban areas (9.7%), men (9.7%), aged from 45 to 60 (12.3%), over college education level (12.7%) and the offices (14.7%). The results of logistic regression showed that residents in the middle areas (OR = 2.148, 95% CI: 1.633-2.920), urban residents (OR = 2.100, 95% CI: 1.611-2.738), male (OR = 2.488, 95% CI: 1.962-3.154), the older (OR = 1.102, 95% CI: 1.090-1.115) had a higher risk behavior rate of diabetes mellitus. Urban residents (OR = 2.784, 95% CI: 1.497-5.175), male (OR = 1.522, 95% CI: 1.152-2.011), the older (OR = 1.022, 95% CI: 1.009-1.035), college educational level (OR = 1.685, 95% CI: 1.033-2.749), with a higher score of health awareness(OR = 1.090, 95% CI: 1.061-1.120)had a higher risk consciousness to being diabetes mellitus.

CONCLUSIONThe urban and suburban residents in China had a high risk behavior possessing rates of diabetes, and a low risk consciousness of being diabetes.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Risk Factors ; Suburban Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Tyrosine-decahydrofluorene derivatives feature a fused [6.5.6] tricarbocyclic core and a 13-membered