As a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been shown to regulate numerous metabolic pathways, which include playing an important role in bile acid metabolism, maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis when FXR is activated. With the prevalence of the glucose and lipids disorder, FXR attracts increasing attention. It may be a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders.
Bile Acids and Salts ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; metabolism

Platelet count (PC) and plasma prothrombin time (PPT) of sixty- six patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (cyanotic CHD) were determined, and linear relationship analysis was made between PC, PPT and hemoglobin (HB), Hemotocrit saturation of blood (SaO2). Blood viscosity (BV) and hemotocrit (HT) were also examined. It was discovered that there was a significant positive linear relationship between SaO2 and PC, HB and PPT, and a significant negative linear relationship between PC and HB, BV, HT, respectively. There was a significant difference of PC in cyanotic-CHD (n = 66) as compared with noncyanotic-CHD (t=13.9508, P

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of vitrectomy for open globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies in 48 hours after injury.Methods Retrospective analysis was used to evaluate the patients with open globe injuries (OGIs) accompanied by intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) who underwent vitrectomy of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) within 48 hours during the period from January 1,2009 to March 1,2015 in our hospital.Results Among the 56 eyes,16 eyes with intraocular foreign bodies occurred endophthalmitis,while the other 40 eyes did not;the intraocular foreign bodies removal rate was 100％.Among all the patient eyes,52 eyes were saved after surgery,while 4 eyes failed.The pars plana vitrectomy operation ratio of the intraocular foreign bodies patients with endophthalmitis and operated within 24 to 48 hours was 2.09 times than that within 24 hours.There was no significant difference in terms of eye preservation,one time of retinal reposition and abnormal intraocular pressure no matter the PPV surgery was conducted within 24 hours or 24 to 48 hours after injury.Conclusion Early vitrectomy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of open globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies.

Executive impairment is one of the common sequelae of stroke, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Repeti-tive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as a new type of electrophysiological technique, has been used in the clinical treatment of Post-Stroke Executive Impairment (PSEI). This paper summarized the survey of PSEI, the basic principle and mechanism of rTMS, clinical application of rTMS for PSEI and its safety. Clinical studies showed that high frequency stimulation, low frequency stimulation, and combi-nation with other therapeutic methods were effective in PSEI. However, there was no unified theory about the mechanism and the best treat-ment plan of rTMS for PSEI.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Mudan Granule (MD) on the glucose metabolism and beta cell function in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced obese mice with insulin resistance (IR).

METHODSMSG obese mice were induced by subcutaneous injecting MSG (4 g/kg for 7 successive days in neonatal ICR mice). Forty MSG mice with IR features were recruited and divided into four groups according to body weight, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and the percentage of blood glucose decreased within 40 min in the IR test, i.e., the model group (Con), the low dose MD group, the high dose MD group, and the Metformin group (Met). Besides, another 10 ICR mice were recruited as the normal control group (Nor). The water solvent of 2.5 g/kg MD or 5 g/kg MD was respectively administered to mice in the low dose MD group and the high dose MD group. Metformin hydrochloride was given to mice in the Met group at 0.2 g/kg body weight. Equal dose solvent distilled water was administered to mice in the Nor group and the Con group by gastrogavage, once per day. All medication was lasted for 15 weeks. Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed after 6 weeks of treatment. Beta cell function was assessed by hyperglycemic clamp technique. The morphological changes in the pancreas were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Changes of iNOS, NF-kappaB p65, and p-NF-kappaB p65 in the pancreas were tested.

RESULTSCompared with the Nor group, the blood glucose level, AUC, and fasting blood insulin, ONOO-contents, iNOS activities, and the expression of iNOS, NF-kappaB p65 subunit, pNF-kappaB p65 subunit obviously increased; decreased percentage of blood glucose within 40 min in ITT, glucose infusion rate (GIR), Clamp 1 min insulin, and Max-Insulin obviously decreased in the Con group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the Con group, the aforesaid indices could be improved in the Met group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In the low dose MD group, AUC, iNOS activities, and the expression of iNOS and p-NF-kappaB p65 subunit obviously decreased; percentage of blood glucose within 40 min in ITT and GIR obviously increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In the high dose MD group, AUC, ONOO-contents, iNOS activities, and the expression of iNOS, NF-kappaB p65 subunit, and p-NF-KB p65 subunit obviously decreased; percentage of blood glucose within 40 min in ITT, Max-Insulin, and GIR obviously increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMD could significantly improve IR and functional disorder of 3 cells in MSG obese mice, which might be associated with lowering inflammatory reaction in the pancreas.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Metformin ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Pancreas ; cytology ; drug effects ; Sodium Glutamate

This study is to evaluate the effects of the metformin (Met) on β cell function of diabetic KKAy mice. Female diabetic KKAy mice selected by insulin tolerance test (ITT) were divided randomly into two groups. Con group was orally administered by gavage with water, Met group with metformin hydrochloride at a dose of 0.2 g x kg(-1) for about 12 weeks. ITT and glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were determined. Beta cell function was assessed by hyperglycemic clamp. Pancreatic biochemical indicators were tested. The changes of gene and protein expression in the pancreas and islets were also analyzed by Real-Time-PCR and immunostaining. Met significantly improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in KKAy mice. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were also decreased. In addition, Met markedly increased glucose infusion rate (GIR) and elevated the Ist phase and maximum insulin secretion during clamp. It showed that Met decreased TG content and iNOS activities and increased Ca(2+) -Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in pancreas. Islets periphery was improved, and down-regulation of glucagon and up-regulated insulin protein expressions were found after Met treatment. Pancreatic mRNA expressions of inflammation factors including TLR4, NF-κB, JNK, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated, p-NF-κB p65 protein levels also down-regulated by Met. And mRNA expressions of ion homeostasis involved in insulin secretion including SERCA2 and Kir6.2 were up-regulated by Met. Met increased SIRT5 expression level in pancreas of KKAy mice under the hyperglycemic clamp. These results indicated that chronic administration of Met regulated pancreatic inflammation generation, ion and hormone homeostasis and improved β cell function of diabetic KKAy mice.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homeostasis ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Insulin ; secretion ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; drug effects ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Metformin ; pharmacology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Pancreas ; drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanisms by which JQ-R regulated the glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic KKAy mice and insulin-resistant L6 myotubes. JQ-R is a mixture of refined extracts from Coptis chinensis, Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica, three major herbs of JinQi-JiangTang tablet. METHODS Diabetic KKAy mice were adminis-tered JQ-R (100 mg·kg-1or 200 mg·kg-1BW) for 10 weeks. Levels of fasting plasma glucose, lipids, insulin and hemoglobin A1c were monitored.Systemic insulin sensitivity was quantified using the eugly-cemic clamp.The effect of JQ-R on the expressions of the enzymes involved in insulin signaling,oxidative stress and inflammation(Akt,NFκB,IΚBα, JNK, Erk, p38 MAPK) were measured in L6 insulin-resis-tant myotubes. RESULTS JQ-R showed beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensi-tivity in diabetic KKAy mice after 10 weeks treatment. JQ-R also ameliorated the plasma lipid profiles. Moreover,JQ-R can directly reverse the decreased activity of SOD and increased MDA levels as well as activity of iNOS in insulin resistant L6 cell induced with palmitic acid(PA).The expressions of phos-phorylation of NF-κB p65,IκBα,JNK1/2 and Erk1/2 were also decreased after JQ-R treatment.It was also shown that the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased significantly after JQ-R treatment,with upregulated expression of phosphorylation of Akt. CONCLUSION JQ-R ameliorated the glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in diabetic KKAy mice. In vitro treatment with JQ-R directly enhanced insulin stimulated glucose uptake in insulin resistant myotubes with improved insulin signal-ling and inflammatory response and oxidative stress state.

AlM:To explore the primary culture conditions for four kinds of lens epithelial cells ( LECs) of rat, rabbit, dog, and human, and measure their growth characteristics.METHODS:The lens capsule or anterior capsular tissue of rat, rabbit, dog and patient were removed by different methods, and they were cut into tiny pieces for primary culture by modified tissue adherent method. The morphological features of four kinds of LECs were observed under an inverted microscope.RESULTS: Four kinds of LECs of rat, rabbit, dog and human could be cultured primarily by tissue adherent method. With the evolution of tissue source, the adherent capacity of LECs gradually strengthened, cells form were changed from irregular polygon to oval, nucleus rounded and cytoplasm enriched gradually. Four kinds of LECs had fibrotic changes after several passages.CONCLUSlON: LECs of rat, rabbit, dog and human can be primarily cultured. This method lays the foundation for the mechanism research of caratact and related fields on the cellular and molecular levels.

To study the chemical constituents from the bark of Myrica rubra, fourteen compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of chemical properties and spectroscopic data, as 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxymyricanol (1), myricanol (2), myricanone (3), myricanol 11-sulfate (4), myricitrin (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (7), tamarixol (8), uvaol (9), ursolic acid (10), taraxerol (11), myricadiol (12), β-sitosterol (13) and β-daucosterol (14). Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, named as 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxymyricanol, compounds 8, 9 were isolated from the genus Myrica for the first time.
Diarylheptanoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Myrica ; chemistry ; Phytochemicals ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Bark ; chemistry

Objective To evaluate the postoperative prognosis of the modification of diet in renal disease formula (MDRD) in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in hospital or 4 years after hospitalization. Methods Two hundred and seventy-two CABG patients were divided into 3 groups according to the levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) including 35 cases in eGFR < 60 ml/min group, 119 cases in 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min group and 118 cases in eGFR ≥90 ml/min group. The prognostic factors of CABG patients were analyzed by COX proportional hazards models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare survival curves among the three groups stratified by eGFR levels. The Log-rank statistic was used for comparing between groups. Results By multivariate COX regression adjustment for body mass index, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipaemia, diabetes mellitus, previous MI, perioperative PCI and etc. , the relative risk (RR) of the increasing age for cardiac events was 1.077(95% CI 1.002-1.158,P =0.044). RR of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.005(95% CI 0.000-0.456,P =0.022). RR of eGFR was 0.968(95% CI 0.948-0.988,P =0.002). The survival rate in the first, second, third and fourth year were same in every group. The survival rate of group with eGFR < 60 ml/min, 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 ml/min and eGFR≥ 90 mL/min was 76.4%, 93.1%, and 96.6%. The survival rates among three groups were statistically significant. In the survival curve of 4 year follow-up after CABG, the survival rate of group with eGFR < 60 mL/min was lower than that of 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 ml/min group and eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min group. Conclusions The preoperative eGFR is an independent risk factor in evaluating cardiac events in hospital and after hospitalization. It has a higher prognosis value in patients undergoing CABG.