ObjectiveTo introduce a rapid and stable rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods32 Wistar male rats were used to induce focal cerebral ischemia according to Longa's method. The main difference from Longa's was to introduce a nylon suture into the cervical internal carotid artery without ligation the pterygopalatine artery (PPA). Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), neurological deficit, brain water content, red tetrzolium (TTC) stain and pathology were evaluated in all rats.ResultsThe operation proceeded about 15 min after anaesthesia. Rats after operation presented severe neurological deficits companied with rCBF decreases. There were significant increases of brain water contents in ischemic brain regions. TTC staining showed infarct areas and histological examinations revealed remarkable astrocyte swelling and neuronal necrosis.ConclusionInducing rat MCAO without ligation of PPA could produce reliable ischemic changes,with the advantage of shortening operation time.

Humans ; Organophosphorus Compounds ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics

Objective To investigate the protective effect of methylene blue (MB) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury after focal cere-bral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (n=6), model group (n=6) and MB treatment group (n=6). The left middle cerebral arteries were occluded for 1 hour and reperfused. MB was infused intra-venously immediately after reperfusion (3 mg/kg) and again 2 hours post-reperfusion (1.5 mg/kg), while normal saline was administered in the model group. The sham-operated group was treated as same as the model group without occlusion and infusion. HE staining was used to observe the histological injury in the cortex around the infarcted region 47 hours after reperfusion, while albumin immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the permeability of the BBB, and immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining were used to exam-ine the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4). Results HE staining showed that cells and blood ves-sels were not intact in the cortex around the infarcted region in the model group and they were better in the MB treatment group. The expres-sions of the albumin, GFAP and AQP-4 were higher in the model group than in the sham-operated group (P<0.01), and were lower in MB treatment group than in the model group (P<0.05). The double immunofluorescence staining showed the colocalization of GFAP and AQP-4 in the astrocytes. Conclusion MB may ameliorate the BBB disruption induced by focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through reducing glio-cyte proliferation and down-regulation of AQP-4 expression in rats.

Objective To analyze the relationship between age and the prognosis of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs).Methods The clinical data of 102 patients with pNETs who were admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 1999 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.The properties of the tumors were determined by morphology and immunohistochemical staining of chromogranin A,synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase.Preoperative grading of the tumors was done by mitotic count and Ki67 proliferation index,and the staging of the tumors was done by ENETS TNM system.All patients were divided into younger group (age≤60 years,77 patients) and older group (age ＞ 60 years,25 patients).The survival of the patients was estimated using the life table,and the survival curve was drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method.The survival of the 2 groups was compared using the Log-rank test.Multivariate analysis was performed with the COX proportional hazards model.Results The median survival time was 139.8 months.The overall 1-,2-,5-,and 10-year survival rates were 96％,93％,90％ and 80％,respectively.The postoperative survival time of patients in the younger group was significantly longer than that in the older group (x2 =4.717,P ＜ 0.05 ).The prognosis of patients with higher tumor grades ( G2,G3) and higher TNM stages ( Ⅲ,Ⅳ ) in the older group was significantly poorer than those in the younger group ( x2 =11.158,5.375,P ＜ 0.05 ).The results of multivariate analysis showed that age and major vascular invasion were the independent predictors for survival (RR =8.626,12.795,P ＜0.05 ).Conclusions Age above 60 years is an important independent factor influencing the prognosis of pNETs patients.Tumor grading and TNM staging are highly correlated with the prognosis of the pNETs patients.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features,treatment method and prognostic factors of the gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (gNENs).Methods The clinical data of 80 patients with gNENs who were admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2002 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received gastroscopic examination.Patients with well-differentiated and diameter ≤ 2 cm gNENs received endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection.Patients with poordifferentiated and diameter ＞ 2cm tumors received surgical resection of gNENs.Patients were followed up via phone call,mail or out-patient examination till October 31,2013.The Kaplan-Meier method was used for drawing the survival curve and calculating the survival rate.The univariate analysis was done by Log-rank test and the multivariate analysis was done by COX proportional hazards model.Results Fifty-eight patients had pain and discomfort in the epigastric region.Thirty-two gNENs were located at the cardia,40 at the body and 8 at the pylorus.Fortyfour gNENs were ulcerative type,25 were polypoid type,11 were protruded type.The mean diameter of the gNENs was 2.6 cm (range,0.4-7.5 cm).Twenty-seven gNENs were in grade 1,10 in grade 2 and 43 in grade 3.Forty-five gNENs were localized,34 gNENs had lymph node involvement (2 gNENs had distal metastasis),and 1 gNENs had distal metastasis.Thirty-one patients received endoscopic resection,and did not receive adjuvant therapy.Forty-nine patients (6 with gastric neuroendocrine tumor and 43 with gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma)received radical resection,including proximal subtotal gastrectomy in 16 patients,distal subtotal gastrectomy in 15 patients,total gastrectomy in 15 patients and distal subtotal gastrectomy + resection of the liver metastasis in 3 patients.Thirty-four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 15 did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy.Seventy-nine patients were followed up for a median time of 42.0 months (range,2.0-113.0 months).The mean time of survival was 75.6 months(range,2.8-100.8 months),and the 1-,3-,5-year overall survival rates were 91.3％,75.8％ and 66.5％,respectively.The 5-year survival rates of patients with gNENs in grade 1,grade 2 and grade 3 were 100.0％,100.0％ and 38.0％,respectively.The results of univariate analysis showed that the gender,treatment methods,adjuvant chemotherapy,types of tumor,tumor diameter,classification and staging of the tumor were correlated with the prognosis of the patients (x2=9.550,17.488,25.038,14.994,6.897,25.234,22.066,P ＜ 0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that the gender was the independent risk factor influencing the prognosis of the patients (RR =11.280,95％ confidence interval:5.353-19.121,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The clinical presentations of gNENs are often nonspecific.The main presentation of gNENs is pain in the epigastric region of the abdomen,and most of the gNENs are located at the cardia or body of the stomach.The staging and grading of the gNENs are varied,and the prognosis is related with the gender of the patients.Endoscopic or surigcal resection is the main treatment method for gNENs.Female patients have a better prognosis than male patients.

[Summary] Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy ocular damage involved in lacrimal, tear film, cornea, and conjunctiva which can lead to ocular discomfort and decreased visual.The mechanism of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy ocular surface damage and treatment is reviewed.

AIM: To study the subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which induce contralateral rotations of rats after mGluRs activation. METHODS: Turning movement was measured at 6 h after agonist or antagonist of mGluRs was microinjected into rat striatum. RESULTS: tACPD, an agonist of mGluRs, at 500 nmol and 1 000 nmol induced contralateral rotations of rats. L-AP 3, MCPG and dantrolene attenuated the turning effect of tACPD. DHPG, a selective agonist of group I mGluRs, mimicked the effect of tACPD. The effect of DHPG was blocked by MCPG, LY367385 (antagonist of mGluR 1) and MPEP (antagonist of mGluR 5), and abolished by pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: These results indicated the activation of group I mGluRs in rat striatum induced turning effect, which may be associated with the mobilization of intracellular Ca 2+ stores and dependant on the existence of dopamine.

Objective To investigate the dedifferentiation of neuroglial cells and its induction after optic nerve injury. Methods Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups the normal control group,the injury group,the transplantation group and the microcrush and transplantation group.Optic nerves were harvested at days 3,7,14 and 28 after the operation.HE staining was used to count the number of neuroglial cells.Immunohistochemistry,Western blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry were employed together with computerized image analysis to evaluate the expressions of Nestin,GFAP,MBP,NF,BDNF,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA.Immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the co-expression of Nestin and GFAP or Nestin and MBP. Results The number of cells only increased at day 7 after the nerve injury, the expressions of Nestin,MBP,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA were up-regulated,the expressions of GFAP,NF and BDNF were down-regulated,and some Nestin-GFAP positive cells and a few of Nestin-MBP positive cells were detected in the injury group.Compared with the injury group,the number of cells was increased sometime after the nerve injury;the expressions of Nestin,GFAP,BDNF and NF were up-regulated,the expressions of MBP,Nogo-A and Nogo-A mRNA were down-regulated,and the number of Nestin-GFAP positive cells increased in the transplantation group and the microcrush and transplantation group.Conclusion After optic nerve injury,some astrocytes undergo dedifferentiation while the macroglial cells display a gene expression pattern that is unfavorable for nerve regeneration.Pre-degenerated peripheral nerves could enhance the dedifferentiation of astrocytes and induce the gene expression pattern of macroglial cells that is favorable for nerve regeneration.

Objective To investigate the protective mechanism of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on experimental in-vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI)in rats. Methods Rats model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by ischemia for 60 min and then reperfusion for 60 min. After treatment,endothelin (ET) levels in plasma and the homogenate of myocardial tissue,and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase were measured. Meanwhile,the pathological changes of myocardial tissue were also observed. Results Compared with the model group,middle-dose and high-dose Sal B could depress the ET levels in the plasma and the myocardial tissue,and increase the content of serum NO and NOS (P

Objective To investigate the mechanism that bFGF promotes the regeneration of injured optic nerve and induces dedifferentiation of glial cells in it. Methods Fifty-five adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups as normal control group, injury group and bFGF group. At day 7 post operation, optic nerves from injury group and bFGF group were detected by gene chip and real-time PCR. At day 7, 14 post operation, optic nerves were harvested and detected by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the injury group, there were 645 genes expression up-regulated and 458 genes down-regulated including genes related neural stem cell or precursor cell neural development, proliferation, apoptosis, chromatin configuration, transcription regulation, signal transduction, neural growth and so on in the bFGF group. There were bigger nuclei, more cells, more immunoreactivity of nestin, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(Erk1/2), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP), and myelin basic protein(MBP) in the distal optic nerves and more immunoreactivity of neurofilament(NF) in the proximal optic nerves in the bFGF group than that in the injury group.Conclusion bFGF could promote the proliferation of neuroglia cells, dedifferentiation of neural glias and improve the microenvironment to favour the regeneration of injured optic nerve.