It was confirmed that acetylcholine signaling pathway and dopamine signaling pathway play critical roles in refractive development.Many evidences have supported that acetylcholine and its receptor antagonists were closely related to the formation of experimental myopia.Retinal dopamine signaling could exert a significant influence on refractive development,and its upregulation induced by light comprises an important component of the retinal clock network;meanwhile,the retinal dopamine signaling could also participate in the regulation of retinal circadian rhythms.The role of intrinsic retinal circadian rhythms in the developing process of myopia is gaining increasing attention.Moreover,it was also found that both acetylcholine and dopamine signaling pathways influence the development of myopia.Therefore,the present paper summarizes the two signaling pathways in the mechanisms of regulating myopia process,which provides an insight into the pathogenesis of myopia and clinical ideas for the effective prevention and treatment of myopia.

Objective To investigate the value of C- reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?) in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methods Sixty- five newborns were divided into experiment group and control group, experiment group was also divided into sure group and doubtful group by blood culture We assessed the level of serum CRP, IL-6 and TNF-? in 24 hours and after 24 hours of clinical diagnosis of sepsis in experiment group, and examined the blood culture before antibiotic treatment Serum CRP, IL-6 and TNF-? were also examined in 3 to 6 days old. Results 1 The levels of serum CRP, IL-6 and TNF-? in experiment group were significantly higher than that in control group 2. The sensitivity of IL-6 and TNF-? were higher than CRP in 24 hours in experiment group. 3. After 24 hours, the sensitivity of CRP was elevated,and there was no statistical difference compared with the IL-6. Conclusion IL-6 and TNF-? are the credible marker in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, and are more sensitive than the CRP, the IL-6 is the first sensitive marker.

This study aimed to investigate the transport characteristics of aripiprazole.A human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured had been applied to study the transport of aripiprazole.The effects of time,concentration of donor solutions,pH,temperature and P-glycoprotein inhibitor on the transport of aripiprazole were investigated.The determination of aripiprazole was performed by HPLC.It is concluded that aripiprazole is transported through the intestinal mucosa via a passive diffusion mechanism primarily,coex- isting with a carrier-mediated transport.The transport of aripiprazole is positively correlated to transport time, concentrations.The P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporine A significantly enhanced the transport amount of aripiprazole.

Objective To determine the optimized self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) formulation of probucol. Methods According to the indexes of mean particle size, zeta-potential, solubility of probucol in blank SMEDDS and the dissolution percentage in 5 minutes of the preparations, the optimized formulation was determined by the central composite design-response surface methodology. Results When the correspondent percentage of olive oil in oil phase (W/W) was 0.33, the percentage of oil phase in formulation (W/W) was 0.5, and the ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant (W/W) was 2.0, respectively. The mean particle size, zeta-potential, solubility of probucol and dissolution percentage in 5 minutes of micro-emulsion was 92.7 nm, -17.38 mV, 65.17 mg/mL and 63.46%, respectively. Conclusions The optimized formulation of the probucol SMEDDS was obtained quickly and conveniently by the central composite design-response surface methodology. The method had a reliable predictability.

Objective To establish a paclitaxel-resistant BNX mouse model of human lung carcinoma, so as to provide evidences for studying chemoresistant mechanism and for screening of the reversal drugs in vivo. Methods The resistant model was produced by repeating a crossover subcutaneous injection of human lung cancer A549-Taxol cells and transplantation of tumor fragment into immune deficiency mice, so as to increase the tumor forming rate of A549-Taxol cells and shorten the tumor forming time. The expressions of GST-k, P-gpl70 and MMP-7 were examined by immunohistochemical staining. The chemosensitivities of tumor cells to Taxol were tested and IC50 was measured by MTT. Results Tumor niduses were observed subcutaneously in SCID mice 4 months after injection of A549-Taxol cells, and then the tumor fragment or the tumor cells suspension were injected to SCID mice again. After 3 times of crossover injection, the tumor cells grew faster and tumor niduses were formed 2 months after injection. The same procedure was done in BNX mice. Finally, we achieved a successful rate of 80% in tumor implantation in BNX mice; the tumor niduses could be formed in 3 weeks. P-gpl70, GST-* and MMP-7 expression was higher in the experiment group than that in the A549 control group. IC50 value of paclitaxel for A549-Taxol cells was 520 folds that of A549 cells. Conclusion We have successfully established paclitaxel-resistant lung carcinoma model in mice, which provides a new platform for further study on chemoresistant reversal strategy and individualized clinical treatment.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of glipiaide versus repaglinide in treatment of type 2 diabetes and provide evidence-based reference for the clinical treatment. METHODS:PubMed,EMBase,Medline,Cochrane Li-brary,CJFD,VIP and WanFang database were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trials(RCT)of the efficacy and safety of glipizide(test group)versus repaglinide(control group)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. After the quality evaluation and in-formation collection of clinical studies with inclusion criteria,Rev Man 5.2 software was conducted for Meta-analysis. RESULTS:There were totally 10 RCTs,involving 1 022 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that the HbA1c levels [MD=0.43,95%CI (0.20,0.65),P<0.001],2 h postprandial plasma glucose levels [MD=0.49,95% CI(0.04,0.94),P=0.03] and hypoglycemia inci-dence [OR=2.99,95%CI(1.83,4.88),P<0.001] in test group were significantly higher than control group. There was no signifi-cant difference in the fasting plasma glucose level in 2 groups[MD=-0.14,95%CI(-0.44,0.16),P=0.35]. CONCLUSIONS:Re-paglinide has better efficacy and safety than glipizide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Limited by the methodological quality and sample amount of included studies,it remains to be verified by RCT with large sample,strict design and long-term follow-up.

Objective To analyze the use of carbapenems in a hospital in 2016, so as to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics. Methods The medical records of all patients treated with carbapenems in 2016 were collected. The use of antimicrobial agents, types of infections and etiological examinations were investigated. The medication rationality of antibiotics was evaluated, and the inappropriate problems were classified. Results A total of 383 cases were extracted, including 137 (35.78%) females and 246 (64.22%) males, with an average age of (59±12) years and a median age of 61 years. The total inspection rate was 95.30% (365/383). A total of 258 cases (67.36%) received the medicine according to the drug sensitivity results. The drug utilization indexes of imipenem/cilastatin sodium and biapenem were 1.29 and 0.76, respectively. There were 60 cases (15.67%) of irrational use of carbapenems. Conclusion There is still unreasonable clinical use of carbapenems in the hospital in 2016. The rationality evaluation of carbapenems use is conducive to understanding the clinical use and finding the typical problems, so as to provide reference for rational drug intervention.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic(PK) profile and relative bioavailability of two sustained release tablets containing 10 mg mizolastine in healthy, young Chinese volunteers. Methods A single oral dose of mizolastine was given under fasting conditions to volunteers aged from 21 to 24 years in this open-label, randomized, crossover study. A ten-day washout period was applied between each of the two formulations. Plasma samples were obtained before dosing and at predetermined time points after dosing up to 48 hours and were analyzed for plasma concentration with a high-performance-liquid chromatography-UV method. PK parameters representing the extent and the rate of absorption of mizolastine were obtained. An analysis of variance, 90% confidence intervals, and two one-sided tests were employed for statistical analysis of relative difference between the two formulations. Results According to the pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis, parameters were not statistically different between the two formulations except the peak concentration (cmax). The point estimates of the ratios of AUC0→t, AUC0→∞ of mizolastine were (101.26 + 9.82) % and (102.52 + 8.61)% with 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of 95. 5% - 106. 5% and 97. 7% -106.9% respectively, comprised in the stipulated 80% - 125% range; for cmax values, the ratios was 82.17% - 15.32% with the 90% CIs of 71. 7% - 91.1%, fell in the recommended range of 70% -143%. Conclusions The results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in PK parameters except cmax between the two sustained release tablets of mizolastine. The 90% CIs of AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ and cmax are within the predefined range. Thus, the two sustained release tablets of mizolastine are considered bioequivalent and generally well tolerated.

Objective To explore the treatment effect of potato homogenate on the treatment of drug extravasation during intravenous injection.Methods 320 cases of drug extravasation patients during the intravenous infusion were randomly divided into the potato homogenategroup,named group A; patato slice group named group B and magnesium sulfate group as group C.The group A,B and C were separately treated with the external application of potato homogenate,thin slice of fresh potato and 33％ magnesium sulfate.The therapeutic effects of the 3 groups were compared.Results The therapeutic effect of group A was superior to that of group B and C,and the healing time in group A was much shorter than that in group B and C,and group B was batter than group C,there was significant difference between the above comparison groups.Conclusions The therapeutic effect of external application of fresh potato in the treatment of extravasation injury caused by the drugs is remarkable.Potato homogenate can improve the treatment effect and shorten healing time when compared with potato slice.

Objective To study the CT and MRI features of primary middle ear carcinoma invading jugular foramen.Methods CT and MRI images of 7 patients with surgically and pathologically confirmed primary middle ear carcinoma invading jugular foramen were analyzed retrospectively,including high resolution CT (HRCT) scan in 6 cases,CT enhancement scan in 1 case and MR plain and enhancement scan in 7 cases.Results On HRCT,the soft tissue lesions mainly located in tympanum,tympanic sinus,the deep of external auditory canal and jugular foramen,and irregular “moth-eaten” bone destruction could be seen,including the destruction of jugular foramen in 7 cases,eustachian tube in 7 cases,facial nerve canal in 4 cases,carotid artery canal in 4 cases,external auditory canal wall in 3 cases,auditory ossicles in 2 cases,vestibular window and horizontal semicircular canal in 1 case.CT plain scan showed the density of soft tissue mass was uniform in 4 cases with CT value of 30-55 HU,and heterogeneous in 2 cases,in which small pieces high density lesions could be found.CT enhancement scan in 1 case revealed moderate and homogeneous enhancement.On MR plain scan,the soft tissue masses with hazy margins could be seen,and compared to the gray matter of brain,the lesions were isointense or slightly hypointense on T1 WI and isointense or slightly hyperintense on T2 WI.The signal was homogeneous in 5 cases and inhomogeneous in 2 cases with small pieces of hypointensity both on T1WI and T2WI.After enhancement,the lesions were enhanced moderately and homogeneously in 5 cases and inhomogeneously in 2 cases with small pieces of nonenhanced area.MRI also showed the erosion of carotid artery in 4 cases,sigmoid sinus in 1 case.Conclusion The primary middle ear carcinoma can invade the jugular foramen area extensively,which may lead to misdiagnosis.HRCT can precisely depict the bone destruction and the invasion of the important anatomic structures in the primary middle ear carcinoma,and the destruction of eustachian tube can help to reduce misdiagnosis.MRI can more clearly show the extent of tumor and the mass signal and enhancement pattern.