Biotrickling filter often offers a cost effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional air pollutant control technologies,but major problems with clogging of the filters due to a high biomass accumulation will provent it from the industried uses.In this paper,the effect of the high biomass accumulation in an air pollution treatment with a biotrickling filter is discussed.Two parameters with specific surface area with biofilm growth(?_ f ) and the bed porosity with biofilm(?_ f )are used to analyse its principle of accumulation.Finally,some control measures including chemical methods,physical machine-made methods and other control methods are overviewed.

Myopia is the most important cause of visual impairment in adolescents. However, its etiology is complex. In recent years, a large number of epidemiological studies have been done on risk factors of myopia. Most of these studies is cross- sectional study, not longitudinal cohort study. Overall, the incidence of myopia is the result of the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. This review is about the risk factors for myopia.

Objective To evaluate the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in tumor staging in patients with pancreatic cancer.Methods A total 77 patients (from June 2010 to August 2015;44 males, 33 females, age range 36-83 years) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT examination for pancreatic cancer and confirmed with pathology were enrolled in this retrospective study.All patients had not been treated before the PET/CT scanning and received surgery or biopsy 4 weeks after the scanning.Two-sample t test and ROC curve analysis were used for data analysis.Results 18F-FDG uptake was higher in 94.8%(73/77) of pancreatic lesions than that in normal pancreatic tissue.The range of SUVmax of pancreatic lesions was 2.4-13.4(mean: 6.2±2.4).SUVmax of patients with smaller primary lesion (minor axis≤2.0 cm) was significantly lower than that of larger lesion group (minor axis >2.0 cm;t=-2.661, P<0.05).A total of 46 patients underwent lymph node excision, and the mean number of excised lymph nodes per patient was 13.8±9.2.About 56.5%(26/46)cases with lymph nodes metastases were confirmed with pathology.When the cut-off value of minor axis of regional lymph nodes was 0.45 cm, ROC curve showed that the sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 84.8%(39/46), 65.2%(30/46) and 0.788, respectively.When the cut-off value of SUVmax of regional lymph nodes was 2.05, the sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 54.3%(25/46), 80.4%(37/46) and 0.759, respectively.18F-FDG PET/CT changed 18.2%(14/77)of patients′ treatment plan.Conclusions 18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool in pancreatic cancer staging.Though 18F-FDG PET/CT has no significant advantages in N-staging, it really helps to make a more accurate M-staging for clinical decision.

ATM: To define the causes of corneal endothelial cell damage, to investigate the preventive methods, and to observe the variety of corneal endothelial cell in glaucoma using confocal microscope.
METHODS: Totally, 143 eyes of 97 patients with different types of glaucoma, and matched normal people were 20 cases, all 40 eyes. The cell density, cell area and cell variable coefficient were measured used confocal microscope. These indicatives of every kind of glaucoma were compared.
RESULTS: The corneal endothelial cell density of normal group was 2 893. 88±255. 026/mm2 , the group of acute angle-closure glaucoma ( AACG ) was 1 674. 11±683.95/mm2 , and the group of open angle glaucoma (OAG) was 2687. 22±391. 87/mm2, the group of chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) was 2706. 97±351. 27/mm2. In all index the average cell density of corneal endothelial and the average area have statistical significance ( F =62.950, 8. 795;P=0. 000), especially the group of AACG.CONCLUSION: The index of corneal endothelial cell in AACG is lower than that of normal. All index in OAG and CACG is difference with that of normal, but the difference has no statistical significance. And the dominant factor of damaged corneal endothelial is the time of intraocular hypertension.

Objective To construct the bp26 deletion mutant of Brucella vaccine strain M5-90 (M5-90Δbp26),to compare its immunogenicity with parental strain(M5-90),and to develope a new candidate vaccine strain of Brucella melitensis with reduced virulence that can be used to distinguish vaccinated livestock from infected animals.Methods Mutant vaccine strain of Brucella melitensis was constructed by conventional molecular biology techniques then the genetic stability of mutant M5-90Δbp26 was tested and its conventional bacteriological nature was identified; 1.0 × 109 CFU/2 ml doses of M5-90Δbp26 strain and the parental strain were used to vaccinate 3 sheep; sera were analyzed for reactivity against BP26 by Western blotting and for agglutination activity; to analyze the virulence of mutant and parental strain,mice were injected with 1.0 × 106,6.0 × 106 and 2.0 × 107 CFU/0.2 ml doses of M5-90 and M5-90Δbp26,respectively,and clinical symptoms were monitored and the death of mice was recorded.Results The M5-90Δbp26 was successfully generated and reversion was not observed in 15 generations.The size of PCR products was 629 bp while the parental strain was 1279 bp.The sequence analysis showed a 650 bp missing in M5-90Δbp26.The conventional bacteria identification tests confirmed that the mutant was depth variant strain,including mono-specific antiserum M type transformed into R,and the BK2 phage based splitting assay converted from the positive to the negative.Western blotting showed the purified BP26 protein was recognized by the serum against the parental strain while not by the serum against M5-90Δbp26 strain.Agglutination test showed the level of the serum antibody induced by M5-90Δbp26 strain(1:50) was significantly lower than that of serum induced by parental strain(＞ 1:800).Virulence test showed that M5-90Δbp26 strain was less virulent than parental strain.Conclusions M5-90Δbp26 has been successfully constructed.M5-90Δbp26 of Brucella melitensis has the characteristic of reduced virulence and has a potential as brucellosis candidate vaccine strain permitting serological discrimination between diseased and vaccinated livestock.

BackgroundRetinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells can secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor(PDGFR).Studies have shown that PDGF plays a key role in the formation of proliferative vitreous retinopathy(PVR). ObjectiveThis study was to investigate the proliferation and apoptosis changes of RPE after blockage of the PDGFR-α expression by antisense oligonucleotide ( ASODN ) in vitro. Methods Human RPE cells strain was cultured in low glucose DMEM with 10％ fetal bovine serum.Logarithmic phase cells were collected and incubated in 96-well plate at the density of 5 × 105 cells/hole.PDGFR-α ASODN was transfected into RPE cells at different concentrations for 48 hours.The cells of the blank control group were regularly cultured without any transfection.The changes of PDGFR-α expression were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and the proliferation of RPE was detected by MTT as the A490 value.Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining was used to determine the apoptosis of RPE.Flow cytometry method (FCM) was applied to detect the change of cell cycle and apoptosis rate of RPE cells. ResultsThe A490 values of RPE cells were 1.45±0.12,1.07±0.06,0.65±0.05 in blank control group,1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group with the significant difference(P=0.00 ),and that of 1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μ mol/L Lipo-ASODN group were significantly lower than the blank control group ( P =0.00,0.00).Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the apoptosis cells were obviously more in Lipo-ASODN group compared with blank control group.PDGFR-α ASODN transfection induced an increase of percentage of RPE cells in G0/G1 phase( F =206.70,P =0.00),and the apoptosis rates in 1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group were significantly enhanced in comparison with blank control group ( 37.8 ± 1.3 vs 10.5 ± 0.1,61.2 ± 1.9 vs 10.5 ± 0.1 ) ( F =1808.90,P =0.00 ).Expression intensity of PDGFR-α mRNA in RPE cells in Lipo-ASODN groups was lower. ConclusionsBlocking the PDGFR-α expression with ASODN technology can suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of RPE cells.Intensity of PDGFR-α mRNA expression in RPE cells is ASODN dose-dependent.ASODN targeted to PDGFR-α offers an experimental basis of the gene therapy for PVR.

Objective To measure and analyze the radiation dose for patients undergoing nuclear medicine examination,and to characterize radiation exposure of patients by using the estimated effective dose.Methods Patients undergoing nuclear medicine examinations were classified and the radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals to patients were measured and calculated.Meanwhile,radiation exposure from computed tomography (CT) procedure was calculated on the basis of CT protocols and patients' information.The effective doses to patient from both the radiopharmaceutical and CT scan radiation were calculated and the factors influencing patient radiation doses were analyzed.Results For the patients undergoing positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) examination,the average effective doses from positron radiopharmaceutical 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG),18F-fluoro-l-thymidine (18 F-FLT),11C-choline,11 C-methylmethionine (11 C-MET) and 11 C-acetate (11 C-Ac) were (5.06 ± 0.73),(4.74±1.29),(1.71 ±0.05),(3.18±0.69) and (1.08±0.19) mSv,respectively.CTscan caused average effective dose was (8.80 ± 0.58) mSv.If a full diagnostic CT investigation was performed,the effective dose might be up to 27 mSv.Whereas for emission computed tomography (ECT) examinations,the average effective dose to the patients irradiated by single photon radiopharmaceutical 99Tcm-methylenediphosphonate (99Tcm-MDP),99Tcm-macroaggregated albumin (99Tcm-MAA),99Tcm-diethylentriaminpentaacetic acid (99 Tcm-DTPA),99Tcm-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99 Tcm-MIBI) and 99Tcm-pyrophosphate (99Tcm-PYP) were (4.63 ± 0.01),(1.71 ± 0.01),(1.18 ± 0.01),(7.19 ± 0.03) and (4.18 ± 0.01) mSv,respectively.Conclusions Radiopharmaceutical irradiation caused effective dose to the patients undergoing nuclear medicine examinations is from 1.08 to 7.19 mSv,while CT scan cause average effective dose is 8.80 mSv in PET-CT examination.

AIM To explore the mechanism of amyloid β-protein fragment 25-35(Aβ25-35)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo by studying mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the protective effect of anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. METHODS Rats were given ibuprofen (7.5 mg·kg-1 daily, ig) for 3 weeks prior to and 1 week after icv single dose of Aβ25-35 (10 μL, 1 mmol·L-1). Seven days after injection, Nissl staining and immunocytochemical technique were employed to determine the morphology of pyramidal neurons and astrocyte infiltration in hippocampal CA1. The expressions of IL-1β, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK, PKC, and caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed changes in IL-1β mRNA level. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 elicited astrocyte activation and infiltration and caused a strong inflammatory reaction characterized by increased IL-1β production and elevated IL-1β mRNA level. The inflammatory reaction was accompanied by the loss of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was significantly increased, on the other hand, the phosphorylation of ERK was significantly reduced and these were coupled with the increase of caspase-3 expression in hippocampal CA1. Ibuprofen (7.5 mg·kg-1 daily, 4 weeks) significantly reduced Aβ-induced IL-1β expression, caspase-3 expression and p38 MAPK activation. The loss of pyramidal neurons was also significantly attenuated by treatment with ibuprofen. CONCLUSION The activation of p38 MAPK and the down-regulation of ERK play a pivotal role in the inflam-matory response and apoptosis evoked by Aβ25-35 in vivo, which can be prevented by ibuprofen.

The genus Scilla consists of 90 species widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa, one and its variant of which can be found in China Some species of the genus have been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases related to inflammation and pain. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of triterpene and tritepenoid saponins derived from eucosterol, bufadienolides, alkaloids, stilbenoids and lignan in the plants of this genus. Various bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor and glycosidase inhibitory activities, have been reported. In this review, the advance of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the Scilla species are summarized for further development and utilization of the resource.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Scilla ; chemistry

Ambroxol ; therapeutic use ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; epidemiology ; mortality ; prevention & control