Objective To explore the related risk factors for diabetic nephropathy(DN) and discuss the value of diabetic dermopathy (DD) screening for DN.Methods A total of 188 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were studied,which included 78 patients with DN (DN group) and 110 cases without DN (non-DN group).The sex,age,duration of diabetes mellitus,smoking,DD,body mass index (BMI),systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP),fasting blood glucose (FBG),2hours postpradial glucose(2 h PG),triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c),fasting C-peptide(FC-P) were recorded.Multiple factor Logistic regression was applied in patients with DN and non-DN.Results The incidence of DD and DN in T2DM patients was 47.34％(89/188) and 41.49％ (78/188) respectively.The ratio of DD in DN group was 79.49％(62/78),in non-DN group was 24.55％ (27/110),and the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).The age,duration of diabetes mellitus,SBP,FBG,2 h PG,HbA1c in DN group was higher than that in non-DN group [(52.83 ± 6.43) years old vs.(50.35 ±6.48) years old,(10.51 ±4.36) years vs.(6.48 ±3.25) years,(137.42 ± 14.17) mmHg(1mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(132.57 ± 15.38) mmHg,(11.95 ±2.83) mmol/L vs.(10.28 ± 1.98) mmol/L,(15.07 ± 3.16) mmol/L vs.(13.51 ± 2.75) mmol/L,(9.62±2.17)％ vs.(8.63 ± 2.08) ％],FC-P was lower than that in non-DN group [(1.76 ± 0.89) μ g/L vs.(2.01 ± 0.72) μ g/L],and the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factor Logistic regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes mellitus,DD and FPG were still related to DN in T2DM (OR =4.841,3.209,3.368,P ＜0.01).Conclusions DD is correlated with DN in T2DM.DN should be screened in T2DM patients with DD.

Objective To study alkaloids from the twigs and leaves of Picrasma quassioides. MethodsCompounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel column. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Results Sixteen alkaloids were isolated, purified, and identified as: 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (Ⅰ), 11-hydroxycanthin-6-one (Ⅱ), canthin-6-one (Ⅲ), 4, 5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (Ⅳ), 4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one (Ⅴ), 3-methylcanthin-2, 6-dione (Ⅵ), 1-formyl-4-methoxy-?-carboline (Ⅶ), 1-methoxy-?-carboline (Ⅷ), 1-ethyl-4, 8-dimethoxy-?-carboline (Ⅸ), 1-methoxycarbonyl-4-hydroxyl-?-carboline (Ⅹ), 1-methyl-4-methoxy-?-carboline (Ⅺ), 1-ethoxycarbonyl-?-carboline (ⅩⅡ), 1-formyl-?-carboline (ⅩⅢ), 1-methoxycarbonyl-?-carboline (ⅩⅣ), 1-ethyl-4-methoxy-?-carboline (ⅩⅤ), and 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1, 3, 4-trioxo-?-carboline (ⅩⅥ). Conclusion Compound Ⅺ is separated from the natural plant for the first time and compounds Ⅱ, Ⅷ, and ⅩⅤ are separated from plants of Picrasma Bl. for the first time.

The individual variability should be considered in precision medicine-prevention and treatment strategies.Medical research using genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, systems analyses, and other modern tools has made big progress.In 2002, the members of the Complex-Trait Consortium proposed to develop a new mouse genetics resource called the Collaborative Cross (CC).The CC is a genetic reference panel of recombinant inbred lines of mice, designed for the dissection of complex traits and gene networks.It will provide a powerful measure for functional studies of biological networks, which will be essential to understand the intricacies of disease processes.

Objective To explore the clinical features of invasive fungal infection in 27 children treated at nephrology department between 1999 and 2014.Methods Twenty-seven cases of invasive fungal infection at nephrology department were analyzed retrospectively.Results Candida urinary infection was found in 9 cases,pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were found in 8 cases,invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and urinary aspergillosis found in 4 cases and 1 case respectively,cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and pulmonary candidiasis found respectively in 2 cases,and pulmonary filamentous fungal disease was found in 1 case.These 27 cases showed different features of illness:10 primary nephrotic syndrome,7 secondary nephrotic syndrome,6 malformation of urinary development and 4 preterm birth ＜ 32 weeks gestational age with low birth weight.All of the cases had the history of taking antibiotics.Seventeen cases of them had used corticosteroid and cytotoxic drugs in a long-term.Sixteen cases had experienced invasive procedures.All children had fever in varying degrees,14 cases showed gasp,7 cases had progressive hypoxia and respiratory failure,and 5 cases developed into multiple organs failure.Chest computed tomographic (CT) imaging data showed diffuse ground-glass opacity with mosaic sign of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(8 cases).The features of pulmonary aspergillosis included multiple nodules and cavity in bilateral lungs (4 cases).The radiologic findings showed patching lesions with indistinct edge and uncertained density of bilateral middle-lower lung fields with pulmonary candidiasis (2 cases).Full dose of antifungal drug was given to 23 cases of them,16 cases recovered completely,3 got better,4 cases died.Four cases gave up full dose antifungal therapy.Conclusions Long-term use of corticosteroid and cytotoxic drugs,use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,invasive therapies,such as indwelling centralvenous catheters,endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation,and preterm birth with low birth weight were risk factors in predicting invasive fungal infection.Chest CT findings were different among these cases.Even though not specific,the relatively differences were helpful to the differential diagnosis of these diseases.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics,prognosis and the risk factors in 48 children with lupus nephritis combined with renal insufficiency.Methods The clinical data from 48 pediatric lupus nephritis with renal insufficiency from January 2000 to January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Forty-eight cases showed renal insufficiency among 168 children with lupus nephritis,and the incidence rate was 28.6％.The age ranged from 5.8 to 16.2 years.The male to female ratio was 1.0 ∶ 2.2.Among 48 children,43 cases had hematuria,41 cases had heavy proteinuria,25 cases had anaemia and 23 cases had persistent hypertension.Totally 20 cases underwent renal biopsy,and among them,15 cases(75.0％) were diagnosed as diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis(class Ⅳ).The histological activity index was ≥7 in 13 cases and the histological chronicity index was ≥4 in 3 cases.Corticosteroid and/or cytotoxic drugs were used in all of 48 cases.Thirty-five cases had normal urine and renal function,5 cases had stable renal function with persistent proteinuria,4 cases developed into chronic renal failure and 4 cases died.Persistent hypertension (x2 =4.274,P =0.039),the time of starting therapy (x2 =28.830,P =0.000),and histologic chronicity index(P =0.008 8 by Fisher's exact probability test)were the prognostic factors.Conclusions Among pediatric lupus nephritis with renal insufficiency,class Ⅳ (diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis) is the most frequent finding.Persistent hypertension,the time of starting therapy,and histologic chronicity index are the prognostic factors.The outcomes of lupus nephritis with insufficiency can be improved by adequate and appropriate treatment.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of pediatric sepsis with initial symptoms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia(AIHA) and acute renal failure.Methods Ten cases of pediatric sepsis with initial symptoms of AIHA and acute renal failure were selected from January 2000 to January 2014 in Department of Nephrology,Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Science.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed and long-time follow-up was taken.Results There were 8 boys and 2 girls of the 10 cases.The ages ranged from 8 months to 12.8 years.There were 8 children less than 6 years old having a prevalence of 80％.There were sudden dark urine and progressive anemia in all the cases,jaundice in 9 cases,abdominal pain and vomiting in 6 cases.Urine volume decreased in 7 cases and anuria in 3 cases.Four cases showed disorder of consciousness and 2 developed shock.Respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation happened in 1 case respectively.In terms of pathogens,2 cases were infected by mycoplasma and 1 case was infected by hemolytic streptococcus.The rest of the pathogen was unknown.The Coomb's test was 3 +-4 + positive.Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine gradually increased.High level total serum bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin were shown in 8 cases and low level complement in 7 cases.Bone marrow films showed hyperplasia in all the cases.Renal biopsy was taken in 3 cases and no microthrombus was found.Corticosteroid was used in all 10 cases for 6 months.Blood purification was taken in 8 cases.Respiratory support was used in 4 cases.Nine recovered and 1 case gave up treatment.Further follow-up was taken for 2.2-8.1 years.Eight cases had normal urine and blood routine test and renal function.Relapse happened in 1 girl 1 year later.One case lost follow-up.Conclusions Once sudden hemoglobinuria,anemia and progressively decreased urine output occur in sepsis cases,the clinicians should consider AIHA and acute renal failure.Based on active infection control,the early use of steroids and blood purification treatment can improve the prognosis.

Animals ; Arrestins ; metabolism ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; metabolism ; beta-Arrestin 1 ; beta-Arrestins

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of the meso-cavo-atrial shunt (MCAS) in the treatment of combined Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Methods The clinical data of 17 cases of combined BCS with all or bilateral hepatic vein occlusion and long range occlusion or obstruction of inferior vena cava (IVC) were admitted to the Qilu Hospital from February 2000 to May 2004. All patients were treated by MCAS with artificial blood vessels. The pre- and postoperative clinical symptoms, the IVC and portal venous (PV) pressures, the incidence of postoperative complications and the patency rate of the artificial vessels were analyzed. The survival of patients was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square test and t test. Results No patient died during the perioperative period, and the symptoms of 15 patients disappeared or were relieved after operation, with a significant difference compared with those before operation (χ2 =9.78, P <0. 05 ). Three patients had complications after the operation. The postoperative PV and IVC pressures were decreased by 1.2 cm H2O (1 cm H2O =0.098 kPa) and 18.5 cm H2O, respectively. There were significant differences in the decrease of IVC and PV pressures ( t = 2.38, 3.06, P < 0.05 ). The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 16/17, 15/17 and 14/17, respectively, and the 5-year patency rate of the artificial vessels was 14/17.Conclusions MCAS can simultaneously relieve IVC and PV hypertension for patients with combined BCS. The postoperative complication rate was decreased, the 5-year survival rate and the patency rate of the artificial vessels were improved after the treatment, so MCAS is an optional surgical method for treating combined BCS.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of health related quality of life(HR-QOL) in Chinese patients with early Parkinson' s disease(PD), to identify the motor and non-motor factors that are associated with a poorer quality of life in patients with early PD. Methods All 391 patients with early PD were identified in a clinical-based study. Motor functions were measured by Unified Parkinson' s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn-Yabr Scale. Non-motor variables were assessed by Center of Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale (CES-D) for depressive symptoms, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep disturbance, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for fatigue, Alzheimer' s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Sections (ADAS-Cng) for cognitive function, and Constipation Severity Scale for constipation. HR-QOL was measured by SF-36. Motor and non-motor variables were collected at the baseline assessment of a clinical trial and determined during a structured interview and by clinical examination by movement disorder specialists. The results were compared with those in healthy elderly people. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine which variables were strongly associated with lower levels of quality of life. Results Patients with early PD had a lower score on all dimensions of SF-36, except bodily pain dimension. Motor factors, particular physical disability and disease severity, contributed to decreased HR-QOL, but to a lesser extent. The motor score of the UPDRS (23. 8±11.8), Hoehn-Yahr stage(2. 0± 0.7), together with the rigidity score (4.4 ± 3.1), only accounted for 18.9 % (R2=0. 189) of the variance of SF-36 total score. The variables that most strongly predicted a low total SF-36 score were non-motor factors, particularly depressive symptoms, sleep disorders and fatigue. When the CES-D, FSS, and PSQI score were included in the model, the R2 increased from 0. 189 to 0.617, indicating that 61.7% of the variance in HR-QOL could be explained if additional CES-D, FSS and PSQI scores were known. Depressive symptoms, as measured by CES-D, had an overwhelming impact on HR-QOL. When CES-D score was included, the R2 change was 0.433, which indicated that additional 43.3% of the variability in HR-QOL could be explained by adding depressive symptoms. Conclusions PD has a substantial impact on HR-QOL, even if in its early stage. Depressive symptoms, sleep disorders and fatigue correlated strongly with lower quality of life. Depressive symptoms appeared to be the strongest determinant of HR-QOL in early PD patients. Every effort should be made to recognize and treat these conditions, thus improving all aspects of PD and giving these patients as good a quality of life as possible.

AIM:To detect the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloprotei-nase 9 (MMP9) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis of the patients.METHODS:The expression of bFGF and MMP9 was detected by the method of SP immunohistochemical staining in biopsy tissues of NPC patients.The relationship between the expression and the clinical significance was analyzed as well.RESULTS:In 289 cases of NPC patients, the positive rates of bFGF and MMP9 were 71.3% and 61.6%, respectively.Correlation analysis demonstrated that the expression rates of bFGF and MMP9 were both positively associated with N stage and clinical stage in NPC patients.The high expression rates of both bFGF and MMP9 were associated with poor overall survival and progression-free survival of NPC patients.Furthermore, the positive rate of bFGF was positively correlated with that of MMP9, and over-expression of both bFGF and MMP9 was correlated with the poorest survival outcomes in NPC patients.CONCLUSION:bFGF and MMP9 are over-expressed in NPC tissues and significantly associated with NPC recurrence and poor outcome.The combined interpretation of bFGF and MMP9 expression levels leads to refinement of the risks for the NPC patients and could be chosen as the prognostic biomarkers.