Objective:In order to improve operator’s cognitive level for standardized disinfection, this paper will focus on analyzing and interpreting the disinfection procedures for some common dialysis machines.Methods: This paper will interpret and compare the disinfection procedures for three brands of dialysis machines in the following aspects: the choice of the disinfectant, the disinfection method, the concentration of the disinfectant and the injected volume of the disinfectant, etc.Results: The procedures of hot disinfection with citric acid were used completely in those three brands of dialysis machine, and the procedure of sodium hypochlorite need been used periodically to remove the proteins and other organic matter.Conclusion:Although the dialysis machines provide almost complete and efficient disinfection procedures, but the operator should need to select the most suitable procedures according to their practical situation. If the operators cannot master the disinfection procedures and have not noticed the importance of it, the wrong operator will lead to incomplete disinfection, affect the normal operation of the dialysis machines and increase the risk of cross-infection.

Objective:To explore the perioperative treatment principle for arteriovenous fistulas of hemodialysis,the related factors to the success of operations and the intervention measures.Methods:1820 cases in the 2 periods from 1992to 2000 and from 2001 to 2008 were selected,and the relation of the change of primary diseases,the difference of their blood vessel condition before operation,different operation methods and different treatment after operation to the successful rate of operation and fistulas blood flow was analyzed and statistical analysis was made to the related data.Results:The ratio of secondary renal disease in the second period was much bigger and of significant difference with that in the first period(P

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.An uncommon subset with myc and either bcl-2 or bcl-6 rearrangement,also known as ‘double-hit’ lymphomas,is considered very aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis despite high-intensity chemotherapy.Recently,these lymphomas have received increased attention.This review explores the existing literatures for the involved genes with their functions,clinical features,diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVE To survey the status quo of hospital infection management and countermeasures in township health center. METHODS To adopt a unified examination and assessment survey,the township hospital infection management,including organization,personnel training,monitoring,disinfection and isolation,occupational protection,sterile disposable medical supplies and medical waste management was investigated in 15 Lanxi Town ship Health Centers. RESULTS Only 2 centers had management organizations (13.33%),5 (33.33%) to participate in personnel/training,no one carry out the monitoring of hospital infection,with fuzzy concept about cleaning disinfection and sterilization and poor awareness of occupational protection. CONCLUSIONS Realizing a sound organization improving hospital infection management staff and intensive training,increaseing the investment and strengthening th supervision and inspection are in accordance with the law and guide management of patients in rural areas to be assured of a secure medical establishment.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies of mental health status in undergraduates are reviewed by literatures in mental health standard, measurement and influential factors. It is aimed to analyze the current status of mental health in undergraduates and provide references for related research of mental health, psychological counseling and psychological health in undergraduates. DATA SOURCES: The China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) and Wanfang database were undertaken to id entify related articles published from January 1995 to August 2005 with the key words of "psyche of undergraduate, mental health, health standard" in Chinese. References of retrieved articles were searched. Mental health related books were retrieved such as Health Psychology, Psychic Health Measurement and so on.STUDY SELECTION: The data were selected primarily, and related articles of mental health standard, measurement and influential factors were included. Studies unrelated to undergraduates were screened out, and fulltexts of the other literatures were looked up.DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 40 articles of mental health standard,measurement and influential factors in undergraduates were selected, of which 17 articles accorded with topic and content were collected. There were 4 articles of mental health standard, 6 literatures (listing 6 types and 20 kinds of questionnaires and tests) of measurement and 7 literatures (6articles) of influential factors.DATA SYNTHESIS: Main content of mental health was intellective health, emotional health and spiritual health. ①No mental health standard was authorized and generally accepted in internal and external studies at present. The four signs of mental health designed by World Psychiatric Association (WPA) were praised and identified, which were harmony of body,intelligence and emotion; adaptation of the environment and modesty in each other; well-being; bringing ones ability into full play and living effective living. Mental health standard of Chinese undergraduates was composed of normal cognition, good emotion, perfect personality, coordinated interpersonal relation and appropriate self-consciousness. ②Present commonly used-mental health measurement for undergraduates was various, but there still was some disadvantage. Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and University Personality Inventory (UPI) were commonly used at abroad. Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was commonly used at home. ③Major factors influencing mental health of undergraduates were family, environment, age,sex, school, subject, religion and so on, and speciality had obvious effect on mental health of undergraduates.CONCLUSION: The importance of mental health of undergraduates is realized gradually by scholars, and more and more scholars at home and abroad study the mental health of undergraduates. How to design exact mental health standard and precise mental health measurement for undergraduates deserve further investigation. Meanwhile, it is necessary to deeply analyze the correlation between speciality and mental health of undergraduates.Fan BB, Zhang CH.Standard and evaluation of mental health in undergraduates.

Purpose　To evaluate the therapeutic effect of laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for retinal vein occlusion　(RVO)．　Methods　The investigation included 28 consecutive patients　(28 eyes) with RVO．The non-ischemic group 18　cases　(18 eyes) were treated with the krypton red laser to induce chorioretinal venous anastomosis， the ischemic group underwent the same therapy and the grid or scatter-type photocoagulation at the same time． All of the eyes were followed up for more than 5 months， and with an average period of 6．6 months．　Results　Seven cases　(7 eyes， 38．9%) of the non-ischemic group created successful chorioretinal venous anastomosis， with mean improvement of 4．43±0．78　standard deviation　（±s） lines of best-corrected visual acuity compared to　0．19±0．67　（±s） lines for 11 eyes with unsuccessful anastomosis　(P<0．001)． None of the seven eyes developed to ischemic state． Four of the 11 eyes with unsuccessful anastomosis converted to ischemic type (36．4%)． Two cases of the ischemic group created successful anastomosis with improvement in visual acuity． The other cases had no change in visual acuity．　Conclusion　Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis is a new therapeutic method for RVO， especially for nonischemic type　and successful anastomosis can decrease the conversion rate of the vein occlusion to an ischemic state．

Objective This prospective study was performed to evaluate the role of oral glucose toler-ance test(OGTF) in evaluating the preoperative status and postoperative complications of patients with hepa-tocellular carcinoma. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight patients with primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) were divided into 3 groups according to the resection, in which the resection of no more than 1 seg-ment called group A, the resection of 1-2 segments called group B, the resection of more than 2 segments called group C. OGTT, routine liver function tests and Child-Pugh classification were performed in these pa-tients preoperatively. The postoperative complications were also recorded. Results Blood glucose lever of 60 min and 120 min after glucose loading test in Child B (11.23 mmol/L ± 2. 78 mmol/L, 11.79 mmol/L± 3.48 mmol/L) were significantly higher than that in Child A (8.56 mmol/L±2. 36 mmol/L, 6. 78 mmol/L ±1.60 mmol/L,P <0.01) ,but the blood glucose lever of 0 min and 30 min showed no difference. The rate of diagonis of DM in Child B was 28. 30% ,which was higher than Child A(13.33% ,P =0. 035). The OG-TT results for the L-shaped curve showed that postoperative complications were significantly higher than that of type I and P in group A and B. I-shaped and L-shaped were found ascites in group C. The cases with jaun-dice all showed L-shaped curve. When the patients' OGTT curve was P -shaped, the ascites production rate was no significantly different in these three groups. With the increase of the removal in liver, ascites produc-tion rate increased evidently in I-type and L-type(P < 0. 05). Conclusions OGTT is worthwhile to assess hepatic function reserve and postoperative complications for patients with PHC. Combination of OGTT and Child-Pugh classification has higher predictive value on hepatic function reserve.

Objective To evaluate the effect of locking plate in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures and to compare the results of two approaches used for fixation.Methods Surgical treatment of 47 cases of proximal humerus fractures in the elderly in Affiliated Hospital of Yan′an University from September 2014 to September 2015.All fractures were randomly divided into two groups and treated with Phlios plate.Deltoid splitting and deltopectoral approaches were used for fixation respectively 23 cases and 24 cases.Postoperative shoulder function was evaluated according to Neer Score.Results The operation time,length of incision,intraoperative bleeding,fracture healing time,length of hospitalization in thoracic deltoid muscle group were more than deltoid splitting pathway group((90.1±6.3) min vs.(73.0±9.5) min,(10.0±3.5) cm vs.(6.3±2.6) cm,(100.0±30.1) ml vs.(90.6±36.4) ml,(3.2±0.8) months vs.(3.0±0.7) months,(10.3±1.9) d vs.(10.1±1.9) d),the difference of operation time(t=2.133,P=0.042) and length of incision(t=2.236,P=0.036) was statistically significant between the two groups,while the difference of the intraoperative bleeding(t=1.867,P=0.063),fracture healing time(t=1.064,P=0.242) and length of hospitalization(t=0.667,P=0.256) were not statistically significant.Followed up for 6.0-12.0 months,the average was (9.0±2.0) months,all patients achieved the bony healing.During the followed up,5 complication(10.6%) were encountered,including 2 cases of varus malunion,1 case of acromial impingement(115°-124°),1 case of screw cut-out and 1 case of humerus head osteonecrosis.The patients with tow-or three parts fractrues in tow groups,Neer-Score scores were statistically significant ((76.8±2.8) points vs.(76.1±2.6) points,(78.9±2.3) points vs.(77.8±2.4) points,t=2.76,2.58,P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the four parts ((71.9±2.3) points vs.(72.6±2.1) points,t=1.06,P>0.05).The excellent-good rate in triangle muscle splitting approach group was 91.3%(21/23),of thoracic deltoid muscle group was 58.3%(14/24),there were significant different existed in two groups(P=0.023).Conclusion Locking plate for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures has a good effect.Deltoid splitting approach in the prognosis of function recovery has more advantages.

Objective To compare the difference between linear blending and non-linear blending function for dual-energy CT, and to evaluate the effect on CT image quality. Methods The model was made of a piece of fresh pork liver inserted with 5 syringes containing various concentrations of iodine solutions ( 16.3,26.4,48.7,74.6 and 112.3 HU). Linear blending images were automatically reformatted after the model was scanned in the dual-energy mode. Non-linear blending images were reformatted using the software of optimal contrast in Syngo workstation. Images were divided into 3 groups, including linear blending group, non-linear blending group and 120 kV group. Contrast noise ratio (CNR) were measured and calculated respectively in the 3 groups and the different figure of merit (FOM) values between the groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. Twenty patients scanned in the dual-energy mode were randomly selected and the SNR of their liver, renal cortex, spleen, pancreas and abdominal aorta were measured. The independent sample t test was used to compare the difference of signal to noise ratio (SNR) between linear blending group and non linear blending group. Two readers' agreement score and single-blind method were used to investigate the conspicuity difference between linear blending group and non linear blending group.Results With models of different CT values, the FOM values in non-linear blending group were 20. 65 ±8.18,11.40±4.25, 1.60±0.82,2.40±1.13, 45.49±17. 86. In 74. 6 HU and 112. 3 HU models, the differences of the FOM values observed among the three groups were statistically significant ( P＜0.05),which were 0.30±0. 06 and 14. 43 ±4. 59 for linear blending group, and 0. 22 ±0. 05 and 15.31±5.16 for 120 kV group. And non-linear blending group had a better FOM value. The SNR of renal cortex and abdominal aorta were 19.2±5.1 and 36. 5 ± 13.9 for non-linear blending group, while they were 12.4 ±3.8 and 22.6±7.0 for linear blending group. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups. The conspicuity scores of different organs in non linear blending group were far higher than those in the linear bending group. The Kappa value was 0. 64, showing good consistency. Conclusion Compared to the linear blending method, the non-linear blending method was a better option, especially in improving SNR and conspicuity.

Objective:To investigate the preparation, optimization and in vitro properties of riboflavin sodium phosphate floating microspheres. Methods: The floating microspheres composed of riboflavin sodium phosphate and calcium alginate were prepared using ion gelatin-oven drying method. Results: The properties of the microspheres were investigated, including the buoyancy, release, appearance and entrapment efficiency. The formulation was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Conclusion: The optimized microspheres were round. The entrapment efficiency was 57.49%. All the microspheres could float on the artificial gastric juice over 8 hours. The release of the drug from the microspheres complied with Fick' s diffusion.