It is very difficult to measure the human eye properties directly, such as the accommodation mechanism, intraocular pressure distribution, the dynamics of aqueous humor flow and the bio-heat transfer in human eyes. Modeling and simulation may, therefore, play an increasingly important role in the ophthalmologic investigation. The major computer modeling methods, including geometric modeling, physical modeling and mathematical modeling, are introduced in this paper. Modeling and simulation anatomy properties and physiological properties of eye tissues, such as the cornea, aqueous humor and crystalline lens, vitreous, optic nerve head, sclera, are analyzed in the order from global to local, from front to back, from outside to inside. Finally, the problems of computer modeling in ophthalmologic investigation are discussed, and the development trends of the future are pointed out.
Aqueous Humor ; physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Cornea ; physiology ; Eye ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; physiology ; Ophthalmology ; trends ; Sclera ; physiology

Objective To observe the changes of coagulase activity and the DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus during inducing vancomycin-resistant S.aureus in vitro.Methods Coagulase activity and DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus were detected.Results The coagulase activity in 6 strains and the expression of coagulase DNA in 1 strain reduced.Conclusion Decreased coagulase activity and DNA expression are probably linked to vancomycin resistance of S.aureus.

Objective To explore the expression of thrombospondin-1 ( TSP-1 ) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 ( BMP-7 ) in mucus membrcane of chronic rhinosinusitis ( CRS ) and its potential significance in pathogenesis . Methods TSP-1 ,BMP-7 and TGF-β1 were detected by ELISA .Results The expression level of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 increased gradually with the advanced stage of CRSsNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression of BMP-7 decreased gradu-ally with the advanced stage of CRSsNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 decreased gradually with the advanced stage of CRSwNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression level of BMP-7 increased gradually with the ad-vanced stage of CRSwNP ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions The expressions of TSP-1 and BMP-7 were abnormal in nasal mucosa of CRS , which might be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS .

Objective To induce vancomycin-resistantant S.aureus in vitro and to observe the changes of coagulase gene sequences of S.aureus and its relationship with vancomycin resistance.Methods DNA sequences of the coagulase were examined by polymerase chain reaction-sigle strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) method and were identified by sequencing.Results The altered DNA sequence of coagulase in 1 strain of S.aureus was found.Conclusion The variation of DNA sequences of coagulase gene is probably linked to vancomycin-resistance in S.aureus.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a newly designed modular flexible ureteroscope with holmium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of renal calculi based. Methods 40 patients were treated with modular flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (German Polydiagnost) with holmium laser. 40 patients were treated by traditional flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Their therapeutic effects were compared. Results For modular flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy group, 37 patients underwent successful operation, with lithotripsy with operation time of (86.0 ± 34.4) min and postoperative hospital stay of (5.3 ± 1.6) days. No severe complication including ureteral perforation, high fever or severe bleeding occurred. One month after the operation, KUB and B-ultrasonography showed complete stone free in 35 patients. Residual calculi (0. 4 cm in diameter) in the calyces were found in 2 patients. Medication and postural drainage therapy were applied. Two weeks later , KUB and B-ultrasonography showed that the residual stones have been removed completely. There was no significant differences in stone size , operation time, rate of calculus clearance, the incidence of postoperative complications, operating time and duration of postoperative hospitalization between the traditional flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy group and modular ureteroscopic lithotripsy group. Conclusions The modular flexible ureteroscope is effective and safe in treating reanl calculi. It has similar surgical efficacy as traditional flexible ureteroscope , but is more costly effective in terms of maintenance costs.

Objective To study the clinical effects of YangGanYiShui granule(YGYSG) on treating early renal damage induced by essential hypertension(EH)and observe the corresponding changes of total cholesterol(TC)、low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)、 C-reactive protein(CRP) and serum uric acid(UA).Methods Eighty EH patients with early renal damage were randomly divided into 2 groups: treatment group(n=40) and control group(n=40).Both two groups were treated with conventionally therapeutic methods of antihypertensive for four weeks.Besides,the YGYSG was added Simultaneously into the treatment group.The levels of TC、LDL-C、UA、CRP in 80 cases were measured and compared.Results After the therapy with YGYSG,the levels of TC、LDL-C、UA、CRP were significantly decreased.The difference between two groups was prominent(P

0.05). Conclusion High fluoride may cause children intelligence decrease.

Objective To study the feasibility of re-operation of gynecological laparoscopy.Methods Clinical records of 47 patients with gynecological diseases undergoing a re-laparoscopy from December 1995 December 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.Results The re-operations of laparoscopy were successfully accomplished in 46 patients(97.9%) while a conversion to open surgery was required in 1 patient.The re-operation time was 30~80 min(mean,50 min),and the in-hospital stay was 2.5~5 days(mean,3.5 days).No long-term complications were noted in 44 patients on a postoperative follow-up for(1~4) years.Out of 19 patients with infertility, 1 patient had a natural pregnancy and 6 patients were pregnant with the help of artificial reproductive techniques.Supportive medical treatment had been given in patients with endometriosis postoperatively,3 of whom experienced symptomatic improvements and 1 of whom had a natural pregnancy.Conclusions For patients with a history of laparoscopy,a re-operation of gynecological laparoscopy is safe and feasible.

Objective To evaluate the safety of Fangyouling, a cercaricide of preparation. Methods All of the tests including the acute oral and dermal toxicity, acute eye and skin irritability and the dermal sensitivity reaction were carried out according to the toxicological test methods of pesticides for registration (GB 15670-1995). Results Fangyouling belonged to slight grade of acute toxicity through both oral and skin tests in rats. Fangyouling was not acute irritant for the skin and eyes in rabbits and weak allergic for the skin in guinea pigs. Conclusion Fangyouling may be a safe ceraricide preparation for prevention of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae infection by skin administration.

Objective To investigate influence of Panax notoginseng saponins ( PNS) on Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),Prostaglandin E2(PGE-2)and Phospholipases A2(PLA-2)in patients of acute exacerbation of chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease ( AECOPD) with respiratory failure .Methods One hundred AECOPD patients with re-spiratory failure were divided into the control group (n=50)and PNS group(n=50).The levels of blood serum COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 of patients in the two groups were detected .Results The levels of blood serum COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 of patients in PNS group were lower than those in control group ,the two groups after treatment significantly lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion The levels of COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 have influence on respiratory failure.PNS can reduce the COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 concentrations in blood serum of patients ,mean-while it play a prominent role in inhibiting airway inflammatory and obstruction process .