It is very difficult to measure the human eye properties directly, such as the accommodation mechanism, intraocular pressure distribution, the dynamics of aqueous humor flow and the bio-heat transfer in human eyes. Modeling and simulation may, therefore, play an increasingly important role in the ophthalmologic investigation. The major computer modeling methods, including geometric modeling, physical modeling and mathematical modeling, are introduced in this paper. Modeling and simulation anatomy properties and physiological properties of eye tissues, such as the cornea, aqueous humor and crystalline lens, vitreous, optic nerve head, sclera, are analyzed in the order from global to local, from front to back, from outside to inside. Finally, the problems of computer modeling in ophthalmologic investigation are discussed, and the development trends of the future are pointed out.
Aqueous Humor ; physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Cornea ; physiology ; Eye ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; physiology ; Ophthalmology ; trends ; Sclera ; physiology

Objective To observe the changes of coagulase activity and the DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus during inducing vancomycin-resistant S.aureus in vitro.Methods Coagulase activity and DNA expression of coagulase of S.aureus were detected.Results The coagulase activity in 6 strains and the expression of coagulase DNA in 1 strain reduced.Conclusion Decreased coagulase activity and DNA expression are probably linked to vancomycin resistance of S.aureus.

Objective To induce vancomycin-resistantant S.aureus in vitro and to observe the changes of coagulase gene sequences of S.aureus and its relationship with vancomycin resistance.Methods DNA sequences of the coagulase were examined by polymerase chain reaction-sigle strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) method and were identified by sequencing.Results The altered DNA sequence of coagulase in 1 strain of S.aureus was found.Conclusion The variation of DNA sequences of coagulase gene is probably linked to vancomycin-resistance in S.aureus.

Objective To explore the expression of thrombospondin-1 ( TSP-1 ) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 ( BMP-7 ) in mucus membrcane of chronic rhinosinusitis ( CRS ) and its potential significance in pathogenesis . Methods TSP-1 ,BMP-7 and TGF-β1 were detected by ELISA .Results The expression level of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 increased gradually with the advanced stage of CRSsNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression of BMP-7 decreased gradu-ally with the advanced stage of CRSsNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression of TSP-1 and TGF-β1 decreased gradually with the advanced stage of CRSwNP ( P<0.05 ) .The expression level of BMP-7 increased gradually with the ad-vanced stage of CRSwNP ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions The expressions of TSP-1 and BMP-7 were abnormal in nasal mucosa of CRS , which might be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS .

Objective To investigate the changes of chemokines related to dendritic cells in liver and spleen in rats with hepatic carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA),and to explore the mechanism of anti-tumor responses to RFA.Methods Forty healthy SD rats with established animal model of hepatic carcinoma were randomly divided into control group (n=10),RFA 7d group (n=16) and RFA 14d group (n=14).The rats of control group were killed without treatment.The other rats were killed in 7d and 14d after RFA treatment respectively.Spleen and liver tissue around the ablation area or around the tumor were taken out.The expressions of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a in liver tissue and MIP-3β in spleen were analyzed by ELISA.Results The expression of MIP-1a in liver tissue was (232.92±54.5B)ng/L in control group,which enhanced to (499.38±15.14)ng/L and (495.90±9.94)ng/L in RFA 7d and 14d groups respectively.There were significant differences between control and RFA 7d group,control and RFA 14d group(P＜0.05).The expression of MIP-3βin spleen was (70.08±2.67) ng/L in control group,which enhanced to (151.57±48.48)ng/L and (154.57±18.25)ng/L in RFA 7 d and 14 d groups respectively.There were significant differences between control and RFA 7 d group,control and RFA 14 d group (P＜0.05).Conclusions The expressions of MIP-1a in liver tissue and MIP-3β in spleen increase significantly after RFA.These changes will promote recruitment and migration of dendritic cells and may contribute to the anti-tumor responses after RFA.

Objective To investigate the change of dendritic cells (DCs) in rats with hepatic carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA),and to explore the mechanisms of anti-tumor immune response to RFA. Methods Forty healthy SD rats with established animal model of hepatic carcinoma were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) ,RFA 7 d group (n = 16) and RFA 14 d group (n = 14). The rats of control group were killed without treatment. The other rats were killed in 7 d and 14 d after RFA treatment respectively. Peripheral blood, liver tissue around the ablation area and spleen were taken out. The OX62,OX6,CD86 of DCs were analyzed with flowcytometry. Results ①OX62 cells accounted for (0.45 ± 0.19)% of mononuelear cells in peripheral blood in control group. The account of OX62 cells increased to (0.78 ± 0.30)% and (1.53 % 0.80)% in RFA 7 d and 14 d groups respectively. There were significant differences between control and RFA 7 d group, control and RFA 14 d group (P<0.05). ②OX62 cells accounted for (18.91 ± 4.58)% of mononuclear cells in liver tissue around the tumor in control group. The account of OX62 cells increased to (24.49 ± 4.59)% in RFA 7 d group (P<0.05). The expression of OX6 on DCs in liver tissue was (15.29 ± 4.59)% and increased to (34.2 ± 11.62)% and (39.18 ± 9.14)% in RFA 7 d and RFA 14 d group respectively (P<0.05). ③OX62 cells accounted for (11.69 ± 4.39)% of mononuclear cells in spleen in control group which increased to (15.10±2.37)% in RFA 14 d group (P<0.05). Conclusions The precursor DCs in peripheral blood and DCs in liver and spleen increased significantly after RFA. The expressions of OX6 on DCs in liver and spleen increased after RFA. RFA can promote the differentiation and maturation of DC. The increased function of antigen presenting may contribute to the anti-tumor responses after RFA.

Objective To study the clinical effects of YangGanYiShui granule(YGYSG) on treating early renal damage induced by essential hypertension(EH)and observe the corresponding changes of total cholesterol(TC)、low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)、 C-reactive protein(CRP) and serum uric acid(UA).Methods Eighty EH patients with early renal damage were randomly divided into 2 groups: treatment group(n=40) and control group(n=40).Both two groups were treated with conventionally therapeutic methods of antihypertensive for four weeks.Besides,the YGYSG was added Simultaneously into the treatment group.The levels of TC、LDL-C、UA、CRP in 80 cases were measured and compared.Results After the therapy with YGYSG,the levels of TC、LDL-C、UA、CRP were significantly decreased.The difference between two groups was prominent(P

Objective To investigate influence of Panax notoginseng saponins ( PNS) on Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),Prostaglandin E2(PGE-2)and Phospholipases A2(PLA-2)in patients of acute exacerbation of chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease ( AECOPD) with respiratory failure .Methods One hundred AECOPD patients with re-spiratory failure were divided into the control group (n=50)and PNS group(n=50).The levels of blood serum COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 of patients in the two groups were detected .Results The levels of blood serum COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 of patients in PNS group were lower than those in control group ,the two groups after treatment significantly lower than those before treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion The levels of COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 have influence on respiratory failure.PNS can reduce the COX-2,PGE-2 and PLA-2 concentrations in blood serum of patients ,mean-while it play a prominent role in inhibiting airway inflammatory and obstruction process .

Objective To study the feasibility of re-operation of gynecological laparoscopy.Methods Clinical records of 47 patients with gynecological diseases undergoing a re-laparoscopy from December 1995 December 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.Results The re-operations of laparoscopy were successfully accomplished in 46 patients(97.9%) while a conversion to open surgery was required in 1 patient.The re-operation time was 30~80 min(mean,50 min),and the in-hospital stay was 2.5~5 days(mean,3.5 days).No long-term complications were noted in 44 patients on a postoperative follow-up for(1~4) years.Out of 19 patients with infertility, 1 patient had a natural pregnancy and 6 patients were pregnant with the help of artificial reproductive techniques.Supportive medical treatment had been given in patients with endometriosis postoperatively,3 of whom experienced symptomatic improvements and 1 of whom had a natural pregnancy.Conclusions For patients with a history of laparoscopy,a re-operation of gynecological laparoscopy is safe and feasible.

0.05). Conclusion High fluoride may cause children intelligence decrease.