This paper reviews the basic principles and calculation methods of MR specific absorption rate, discusses the clinical application of MR specific absorption rate.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Radio Waves

Objective To summarize the complications of the single-port transumbilical laparoscopic pyeloureteroplasty.Methods From August 2009 to December 2014, 162 surgical procedures were performed in our institute with the single-port transumbilical laparoscopic pyeloureteroplasty.Medical records of each procedure were retrospectively evaluated.139 patients were male and 23 female, aged from 1 month to 14 years and the median age of 2 years.127 patients were operated on the left side and 32 on the right side.3 patients were operated on the bilateral side.All children were supplemented with preoperative ultrasound, renal dynamic imaging and MRU to identify the ureteropelvic junction obstruction.Intraoperative and postoperative complications were graded according to the Satava and Clavien classifications respectively.Major complications were defined as Satava grade Ⅱ or higher, and Clavien grade Ⅲ or higher.Results There was no injury of vascular or visceral organs and no blood transfusion, and there was no serious intraoperative complications.One hundred and forty-three cases were followed up, and 23 cases (16.1％)presented with postoperative fever (＞ 38 ℃C) (Clavien Ⅰ), 2 cases (1.4％) with urinary extravasation diagnosed by perirenal fluid collection(Clavien Ⅰ).All these cases recovered after being given symptomatic treatment.7 cases (4.9％) presented with postoperative repeated urinary infection (Clavien Ⅱ).5 cases received postoperative reoperation due to the obstruction of the anastomic site (Clavien Ⅲ b), and 2 cases were under debridement as the greater omentum was drawn out along with the negative pressure drainage tube(Clavien Ⅲ a).In summary, the incidence of severe postoperative complications was 4.9％.Conclusions Though there existed some postoperative complications of the single-port transumbilical laparoscopic pyeloureteroplasty, the incidence of serious complications was low and the overall prognosis could be good.

Objective To investigate the effect of infrasound on the growth of bone marrow mescenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and seek the most reasonable duration for using infrasound. Methods The primary BMSCs were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats through whole bone marrow adherent cultivation.The cells of passage 3 were divided into trial groups treated with infrasound for 10 min,30 min or 60 min,and control groups which were not treated with infrasound but exposed to air for the same durations.The vitality of cell proliferation was measured using the CCK8 method.Apoptosis and the cell cycle were analysed with flow cytometry (FACS). Results After cultivation for 72 h,the optical density (OD) values for BMSCs treated with infrasound for 10 min,30 min and 60 min were 1.480 ± 0.030,1.348 ± 0.030,1.493 ± 0.030 respectively and after 96 h they were 1.774 ± 0.030,1.731 ± 0.030 and 1.833 ± 0.030.All of which were significantly greater than in the control groups ( 1.479 ± 0.030,1.267 ±0.030 and 1.227 ± 0.030 after 72 h and 1.567 ± 0.030,1.563 ± 0.030 and 1.632 ± 0.030 after 96 h).With the extension of the treatment duration,the OD values of the BMSCs increased or increased after decreasing,and the OD value for BMSCs treated with infrasound for 60 min was the highest.The FACS results indicated no effect of infrasound on apoptosis of BMSCs when the treatment duration was 30 min,but that cell apoptosis could be inhibited when the treatment duration was 10 min or 60 min.The early phase apoptosis rates were 1.07％ ± 0.12％ and 0.97％ ±0.21％ in the trial groups treated for 10 min and 60 min respectively,and 1.43％ ± 0.06％ and 3.33％ ± 0.15％ in the respective control groups,a highly significant difference.The results of cell cycle analysis showed infrasound could disturb the cell division of BMSCs significantly when the treatment duration was less than 30 min,but there was no significant effect when the treatment duration was 60 min. Conclusions Infrasound can promote cell proliferation and disturb cell division,but it did not cause apoptosis of BMSCs.When the treatment duration was 60 min,cell proliferation improved steadily,the apoptosis rate decreased,and the cell cycle did not change.So 60 min is the most reasonable treatment duration for infrasound.

Objective To evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of adult-measles.Methods The clinical data of 67 patients with adult-measles were retrospectively analyzed.Results In summary,67 pa- tients with measles were involved in this study,with 39 males and 28 females.The gender rate was 1.39:1 and the average age was about 32 years old.There were 39 peasants and 28 workers & officials of 67 patients.The peak of the incidence of disease emerged in April and June(40.3%),especially from November 2000 to October 2004 (67.2%),and the positive rate of measles virus IgM antibody in serum was 95.1%(39/41).There were 58 patients (86.6%)who had the fever beyond 39℃and 18 patients(26.9%)who had measles induced viral hepatitis.Con- clusions There is a trend that measles may be related to the nonstandard inoculation of measles vaccine of the de- crease of IgM antibody levels and so on.Meanwhile,serious toxemic symptoms and liver damage can be clinically ob- served.

0.05). But the incidence of rehospitalization in combination group because of adverse cardiovascular events wasn’t more two times than that of non-combination group (OR=2.07; 95% confidence interval ranged from 1.87 to 2.20). CONCLUSION: The results of study are similar to other studies of foreign countries. PPI can influent the anti-platelet effect of clopidogrel so as to increase the incidence of rehospitalization risk resulted from adverse cardiovascular events. Physicians should apply PPI with cautions.

Objective To investigate the indications and surgical approaches of full-thickness eyelid reconstruction with superficial temporal artery island flap and oral mucosa free grafting,and evaluate the safety and efficacy.Methods A total of 13 eyes of 13 patients with wide full-thickness eyelid defect were treated by the eyelid reconstruction with superficial temporal artery island flap and oral mucosa free grafting.The defect area was(33.67?8.35) mm?(16.44?4.45) mm and the size of island flap was(38.56?8.99)mm?(18.44?4.00)mm.Eight cases were treated with oral lip mucosa grafting,while the other 5 with hard plate muco-periosteal free grafting.Follow up was conducted for 6 to 24 months. Results The flaps were clinically viable in 10 cases and partially viable in 2.One was inviable for venous circumfluence failure,and a successful free skin grafting was conducted 3 months postoperation.All the grafted oral mucosa survived.Five cases underwent the second surgery to thin the island flap,among whom 3 were performed eyelid suspension with the frontal muscle.The survived flaps were similar to skin in colour,soft in nature,and could effectively protect the eyeballs. Conclusion The superficial temporal artery island flap along with oral mucosa free grafting works well in wide full-thickness eyelid reconstruction.

Objective To objectively evaluate the intrusion effects on the maxillary incisors of implants versus conventional method(J-hook headgear ,utility arch) .Methods Such online databases as Cochrane library ,PubMed ,EMbase ,VIP ,Wanfang and CNKI were searched by randomized control test and prospective case controlled study about implants vs conventional anchorage for the maxillary incisor intrusion .After study selection ,assessment and data extraction conducted ,meta-analyses were performed by u-sing the RevMan 5 .1 software .Results Totally 11 studies were included ,6 studies involving 154 patients were included in the J-hook headgear group ,5 studies involving 127 patients were included in the utility arch group .The results of meta-analyses showed that :(1)Compared with the J-hook headgear ,implants had more decrement in the distance of upper center incisior cutting to palatal plane(P<0 .001) ,more decrement in overbite(P=0 .001) ,shorter treatment time (P<0 .001) ,less increase in SN-OP angle(P=0 .004) ,less decrement in distance of maxillary molar cusp to palatal plane (P=0 .020);There was no statistically significant differ-ence in overjet ,root resorption(P>0 .05) .(2)Compared with the utility arch ,implants had more decrement in the distance of the center of resistance of the upper incisor to palatal plane (P=0 .010) ,less increase in U6-PP angle (P<0 .001);There was no statis-tically significant difference in the distance of upper center incisior cutting to palatal plane ,U1-PP angle ,the distance of upper first Molar cutting to palatal plane ,sagittal position of the mesial tip of the upper first Molar ,overbite ,overjet ,course of treatment ,root resorption(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The implants anchorage intruded the maxillary incisor was better than conventional method (J-hook headgear ,utility arch) ,it has more incisor intrusion ,shorter treatment time and more comfortable for the patients ,there was no difference in root resorption between the two groups .

Objective To observe the effects of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) on autophagy, apoptosis and motor function after acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) in rats. Methods Thirty-six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group, n=12), simple spinal cord injury group (SCI group, n=12), ALC treatment group (ALC group, n=12). Spinal cord injury model at the level of T10 segment was established using Allen's method. They were assessed with Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan (BBB) scale three days after injury. Then the rats were sacrificed, and the expression of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II in spinal cord was detect-ed with Western blotting and immunofluorescent labeling, and the number of apoptotic cells were assessed with TUNEL staining. Results The expression of LC3-II and the number of apoptotic cells increased in SCI group compared with those in Sham group (P<0.01), while the BBB score decreased (P<0.001). The expression of LC3-II increased and the number of apoptotic cells decreased in ALC group compared with those in SCI group (P<0.001), while the BBB score increased (P<0.01). Conclusion ALC may promote autophagy, and inhibit apopto-sis to improve the locomotor function after ASCI.

Background Sphingosine-l-phospate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid and important messenger molecule in cells.It participates in the regulation of many biological processes,such as cell proliferation,migration,survival,differentiation,apoptosis,etc.Hypoxia is a trigger factor of choriod neovascularization (CNV) and pathological basis of many diseases,and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are involved in formation of CNV.However,the effects of S1P on proliferation and apoptosis of RPE cells are below understood.Objective This study was to investigate the influence of S1P on proliferation and apoptosis of human RPE cells under hypoxic conditions.Methods Human RPE cells line-D407 cells were cultured and passaged and generation 3-5 cells were used and divided into 6 groups.The cells were regularly cultured in the blank control group using DMEM containing 10％ fetal bovine serum.CoCl2(200.00 μmol/L) was added into the colture medium for 2 hours in the hypooxic group.S1P of different concentrations (0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L) were added in culture medium 2 hours after the affection of 200.00 μmol/L CoCl2.The proliferative values of the cells were detected using WST-1 method as the absorbance (A value) and the proliferative rate of different groups were calculated.The apoptosis of the cells was assayed by Hoechst staining.The results were compared among different groups.Results Cultured cells showed the round-like in shape with clear nuclei and pigment.The proliferative values (A value) was 0.91 ±0.08,0.37±0.09,0.46±0.08,0.52±0.09,0.61 ±0.06,0.70±0.10 in the blank control group,hypoxic group and 0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L S1P groups,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F=21.104,P=0.000),and A values in various S1P groups were higher than those in the hypoxiac group (all at P＜0.05).The proliferative rate was gradually raised with the increase of dose of S1P.Hoechst staining exhibited a few apoptosis cells in the blank control group,but in the hypoxic group,a lots of apoptosis cells were seen with the light-blue nuclei and condensable chromatin.However,the number of apoptosis cells was significantly decreased in various concentrations of S 1 P groups.The apoptosis rates were (1.21 ±0.08) ％,(8.99 ±0.09) ％,(6.60 ±0.08) ％,(5.95 ±0.09) ％,(4.81 ± 0.06)％ and (3.96±0.10)％ in the blank control group,hypoxic group and the 0.01,0.10,1.00,10.00 μmol/L S1P groups,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F =25.070,P =0.000).Compared with the hypoxia group,the cellular apoptosis rates of various S1P groups were lower (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions Under the hypoxia condition,S1P can promote the proliferation of human RPE cells and inhibit apoptosis.

Background Several types of cells participate in the formation of proliferative membrane in proliferative retinopathy (PVR),and the proliferation,migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells play an important role.Many studies have confirmed high blood glucose is the basic pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,whether EMT could be induced in RPE cells under the high glucose condition has not been reported.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of high glucose on the migration and EMT of RPE cells in high glucose culture model in vitro.Methods Human RPE cell line D407 were cultured and passaged in DMEM/F12 medium with 10％ fetal bovine serum,and 6-8 generations of cells were used in experiment.The cells were divided into 3 groups based on different glucose concentrations in medium.The glucose at the final concentration 5.5 mmol/L or 60.0 mmol/L was respectively used in the normal control group or high glucose group,and the DMEM with 5.5 mmol/L glucose and mannitol was used in the hypertonic control group.The migration rate of the cells were detected 0,24,48 and 72 hours after scratching by wound-scratch test.Real-time PCR was used to detect the relative expressions of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the cells.Results Cultured cells showed a polygon shape with the clear nucleolus and dense arrangement in the normal control group and the hypertonic control group,but the cells were larger and elongated with the lapse of culture time with the indistinct structure and loose arrangement.At 48 hours after scratching,migrating cells were seen in the scratching area,and the scratching area disappeared at 72 hours after scratching in the high glucose group,but the scratching area still was existed in the normal control group or hypertonic control group.The migrating rate of the cells was higher in the high glucose group than that in the normal control group or hypertonic control group,showing total differences among 3 groups and various time points (Fgroup =328.600,P =0.000 ; Ftime =773.270,P=0.000).Compared with the normal control group,the expression level of ZO-1 mRNA was significantly lower,and α-SMA mRNA level was higher 48 hours and 72 hours in the high glucose group than those in the normal control group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions High glucose induce the migration and EMT of RPE cells in vitro,which may be associated with the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.