This study was undertaken to consider the impact of migration on the relationship between the OFW and the family. The general objectives was to determine the long-term effects of separation from the OFW parent on children in two selected barangays with specific objectives: (1) to determine the psychiatric morbidity among children; (2) to determine their behavioral patterns; (3) to describe the demographic data of the said population. The design of the study was a cross-sectional survey done in 2 barangays with a high density of OFWs. The Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC) which is an instrument designed to screen psychiatric disturbances in children and adolescents less than 18 years of age was used. A total 385 children took part in the study. Results showed that adaptive and maladaptive modes of coping were utilized by the children left behind by parents.
Human ; Adolescent ; Child ; FAMILY RELATIONS ; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS ;

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare the parent-child relationship of adolescents with depression and those without depression, by using Parent-Child Relationship Instrument (PCRI), Family Relationship Scale (FRS), and Parenting Attitude Test-Youth (PAT-Y). We also investigated the association between the parent-child relationship and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Twenty-five adolescents with depression (age 15.0+/-2.1 years, 8 boys) and 24 adolescents without depression (age 13.7+/-1.3 years, 16 boys) completed the Adolescent-General Behavior Inventory (A-GBI), Adolescent-Mood Disorder Questionnaire (A-MDQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), PCRI, and PAT-Y. The parents of subjects completed the Child Behavior Checklist, Parent-General Behavior Inventory 10-item Mania Scale (P-GBI-10M), Parent-Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and FRS. Independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, and partial correlation analysis were used. RESULTS: The Intimacy (p=.002) and Respect (p=.029) scores of the PCRI were significantly higher in adolescents without depression compared to those with depression. The Intimacy scores of the PCRI showed negative correlation with the BDI and P-GBI-10M and the Strictness scores of the PCRI showed positive correlation with the A-GBI, A-MDQ, and BDI. The Inconsistency, Punishment, and Excessive Expectation scores of the PAT-Y showed positive correlation with the A-GBI and BDI scores. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a possible association of the parent-children relationship and parenting attitude with adolescents' depressive symptoms.
Adolescent* ; Bipolar Disorder ; Checklist ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Depression* ; Family Relations ; Humans ; Parent-Child Relations* ; Parenting ; Parents ; Punishment ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background: The family life cycle describes the stages of family development starting from the formation of the emerging adults to marriage, birth of children, growth into adolescents, adulthood and families in later life. The cycle includes individual developmental changes of family members, evolution of marital relationship and cyclic development of the evolving family unit. Presently, there is no study that describes the developmental tasks, structures and functions of Filipino families with young children. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the developmental tasks, family structure and functions among selected Filipino families with young children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2016 on a total of 353 Filipino parents of families with young children ages 0-12 years old. Results: The extended type of family (65%) is more predominant than the nuclear type (35%) among the participants. A high Family APGAR score of 9.2 (SD ± 1.1) translated to highly functioning families with young children. Overall, the first order changes on financing, marital adjustments and extended family relationships were highly met except that on the unexpected costs of family life. For second order changes, there was a significant association of decline in intimacy over time among couples progress thru the life stages (X2 12.75, p-value 0.013). Partners were able to adjust the marital relationship mainly through communication and acceptance. The parenting roles were done most of the time except for the roles on inspiring children for nationalism and providing wholesome educational materials. Finally, almost all families with young children (99%) were able to align relationship with extended family members. Conclusion The selected Filipino families with young children mostly have an extended family structure and are highly functional. Overall, the first and second developmental tasks were accomplished in varying degrees.
Family ; Family Relations ; Parenting

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the parenting image of modern Korean society through modern novels published during in the stage of modern change in Korea. METHOD: The data were analyzed through latent content analysis. Modern Korean novels (N=138) written during the Korean modernization stage were chosen for analysis. Five categories and seventeen meaningful sub-categories were drawn out from 636 significant sentences. RESULTS: The parenting images expressed in modern Korean society were as follows: From the category of [Devotional love], 5 sub-categories were drawn: Hedgehog's love, Lavish love, Sacrificial care, Exertion of the mind, and Prayer for the future of their children. From the category of [Stern father and affectionate mother], 3 sub-categories were drawn: Stern and Strict father, Tender and loving mother, and Strong maternal love. From the category of [Enthusiasm for their children's education], 3 sub-categories were drawn: Sense of duty to provide good education for their children, Zeal for their children's education, and Satisfaction with their hard-working children. From the category of [The head of family], 3 sub-categories were drawn: Person who has the right to make decisions, Reliable protector, and Object of filial devotion. From the category of [sexual discrimination], 3 sub-categories were drawn: Preference and favoritism to sons, Attaching importance to education of sons, Regarding daughters as those who help support the family. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study will help to improve the basic understanding the parenting image and parent-child relationship in present day Korea.
Child ; Education ; Fathers ; Head ; Humans ; Korea ; Love ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Religion ; Social Change ; Child Health

The purpose of this study was to explore the parents and child relationship in traditional Korean society through the Korean classic novels. The Data were analyzed through latent content analysis in focusing on the parents and child relationship. Forty-six Korean classic novels written in Chosun Dynasty (from 1392 to 1910 AD) were chosen to analyze and they were represented the characteristic Confucian ideas. The sentences containing the expression of child-care and parent-child relationship were selected during intensive reading line by line and analyzed. Sixty-nine meaningful concepts were drawn out from 258 significant sentences by the similar meaning and common theme and classified as 3 categories and 11 sub-categories. The important parent-child relationship expressed in Korean traditional society were as follows: From the category of the Meaning of Child, 4 sub-categories were drawn; gift of heaven, successor of the family line, driving power of life, and rewards from the offspring. From the category of attitude to the child, 3 sub- categories were drawn; a notion of preferring a son to a daughter, close maternal-child relation, and expectation to the future of child. From the category of nurturing behavior, 4 subjects were drawn; Tae-Gyo(fetal education), affective behavior, socialization, and health management behavior. Above result helps to improve the basic understanding the relationship of parent and child in modern society. And by the understanding of child in the family, unhealthy relationship of parent and child can be prevented and furthermore family centered child health promotion can be achieved.
Child ; Humans ; Nuclear Family ; Parent-Child Relations* ; Parents ; Reward ; Socialization ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing maternal depression in low-income families with young children. METHODS: The study consisted of 376 mothers in low-income families from participants enrolled in the population-based study of 2011 PSKC by Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The factors including depression, self-esteem, parenting stress, marital conflict, father involvement in child rearing, social support, and family life event were assessed with questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted by description analysis, partial correlation, and hierarchical regression using SPSS 22.0 program. RESULTS: The results showed that 10.6% of mothers were in severe depressive group in this study. Also the result revealed that marital conflict was the strongest predictor of maternal depression. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that mothers with young children in low-income families especially had difficulty with depression due to family related factors. Implications included the need to support mothers and develop intervention programs focusing on family relationships in order to improve and sustain mental health.
Child Care ; Child Rearing ; Child* ; Depression* ; Education ; Family Conflict ; Family Relations ; Fathers ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parenting from the parents of children with ADHD and to develop a grounded theory about their experiences. METHOD: This study was a qualitative research study that used a grounded theory to understand and discuss the parenting experiences of parents of children with ADHD in a greater depth. Grounded data was collected through an in-depth interview from twelve participants with ADHD children. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method. RESULTS: "Approaching the normal" emerged as the core phenomenone. Parenting experiences for parents of children with ADHD referred to a process of bringing the children, back on track of normal growth development, and their functioning in the family at a normal level and establishing a new normalcy. The process of approaching the normal involved a basic social-psychological process, such as 'living a day in hell', 'accepting', 'confronting the conflicts', 'lowering expectations', and 'making a new normalcy'. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study, which observed the parenting process of parents of children with ADHD, could enhance nurses' understanding of ADHD and help nurses become major mental health service providers for the mental health of children with ADHD and their families.
Adult ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*nursing/psychology ; Family Therapy ; Female ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting/*psychology ; Problem Solving

PURPOSE: Mothers' postpartum depression is a worldwide health concern that produces compromising effects on their infants. This study was conducted to compare the infants' temperament and health problems according to the presence of maternal postpartum depression. METHODS: Data were collected from May to October in 2009. The sample was 137 mothers at one month postpartum. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms. RESULTS: At one month postpartum, 22.6% of mothers were classified as having postpartum depression. Infants of depressed mothers were more frequently classified as difficult temperament infants. They showed lower scores on the amenability, rhythmicity and persistency and higher scores on activity in temperament. Also, infants of depressed mothers reported more infant health problems at one months. Maternal depression showed significant negative correlations with family functioning, social support and marital satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Study findings show that postpartum maternal depression is associated with infants' temperament and health, and thus screening and early interventions for postpartum depression would promote the health of both the mother and infant.
Adult ; Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis/*psychology ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior/*psychology ; Infant Welfare ; Male ; Maternal Behavior/psychology ; Mother-Child Relations ; Mothers/*psychology ; Postpartum Period ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Questionnaires ; Social Support ; *Temperament ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to characterize the influence of achievement motivation and the parent-child relationship on ego identity in Korean nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 217 Korean nursing students in the first and fourth year of university. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires composed of items assessing ego identity, achievement motivation, the parent-child relationship, and demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, the χ2 test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ego identity was related to achievement motivation; moreover, the achievement motivation of students with moratorium and achieved identity status was significantly higher than that of students with low-profile moratorium and diffused identity statuses. Ego identity was not related to the mother-child relationship, but the father-child relationship of students in foreclosure was sig-nificantly higher than that of students with diffused identity status. The factors influencing achieved identity compared to diffused identity were achievement motivation, year in school, satisfaction with school, and having religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that nursing students' ego identity attainment was more influenced by achievement motivation than by the parent-child relationship. It emphasizes that highly motivated students can develop their own identities regardless of the parent-child relationship.
Ego ; Father-Child Relations ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mother-Child Relations ; Motivation ; Nursing ; Parent-Child Relations ; Religion ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine body satisfaction of children, self-rated health of children and parent-child attachment as perceived by children and their mothers in relation to children's health behavior and to identify factors affecting health behavior of children. Ultimately the purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop health promotion programs for children. METHODS: Participants were 140 couples, 4th grade elementary school students and their mothers residing in Busan. Data collection was done during June 1 and July 31, 2010. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with PASW 18.0 program. RESULTS: Children and mothers rated body satisfaction of the child differently. Children's responses for body satisfaction of child and parent-child attachment were associated with health behavior of children. Self-rated health perceived by children was also a factor affecting health behavior, as were body satisfaction perceived by children and mothers' perception of body satisfaction of child in that order. These variables explained 18.2% of the total variances in health behavior of children. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that body satisfaction and self-rated health of children are important variables to target within intervention research and treatment programs for health promotion behavior of children at home and school.
Body Image ; Child ; Data Collection ; Family Characteristics ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parent-Child Relations ; Child Health