PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were to identify the essential component and meaning structure of the experience of 'Sockalee' among abused elders. METHOD: This study was done using a phenomenological analytic method by Giorgi. The participants in this study were six elders who had the previous experience of 'Sockalee' as abused elders. The data were collected by interviewing the participants from May to September, 2003. Generally, three interviews for one person were performed and each interview lasted for one and half hours. RESULTS: The meanings of 'Sockalee' of abused elders were categorized with seven components. Those are (1) Unsolved family conflicts. (2) Being powerless. (3) Being pushed out. (4) Egocentric situation-recognition. (5) Strengthening egocentric situation-recognition (6) Attempts for re-powerfulness. (7) Release from abuse. (8) Situation recognition with others' position considered. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the nursing intervention must be focused on the above concerns to accomplish the successful solution for the abused elderly problems, especially approaching from the standpoint of the whole human.
Aged ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Nursing

PURPOSE: This study examined structural relationships between parenting stress and mothers' relational variables such as marital satisfaction, marital conflict, husbands' parental involvement, and maternal identity. METHODS: A nine-pathway hypothetical model was developed based on literature reviews. Two exogenous variables (marital satisfaction and marital conflict) and three endogenous variables (husbands' parental involvement, maternal identity, and mothers' parenting stress) were included in this model. Participants were 170 mothers of 5~7 month old children who visited the Public Health Center to be vaccinated between January 19 and March 27, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling with PASW/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. RESULTS: The model fit indices for the modified model were suitable for the recommended level. Among mothers' relational variables, maternal identity, marital conflict, and husbands' parental involvement directly influenced mothers' parenting stress. Marital satisfaction did not have a direct and indirect influence on mothers' parenting stress, however, it directly affected maternal identity and husbands' parental involvement. These predictive variables of mothers' parenting stress explained 56.0% of the model. CONCLUSION: This study expanded the understanding of mothers' parenting stress and can be used to develop effective interventions to decrease stress.
Child ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Public Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the stress-coping process used by elderly people. METHOD: This study was based on the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin. The participants were 15 elders selected by theoretical sampling. Over a period of 3 months, in-depth interviews using audiotape recording were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. RESULT: Stress in elderly people is caused by illness, family conflict, and loss of economic power. Stress occurred in connection with aging and limitation of social activity. The central incidents for stress were fear, alienation and anxiety. It was found that action/interactional strategies of stress-coping behavior were related to social support and mobility disorders. Action/interactional strategies to stress-coping in elderly people were dependent on medical treatment, mind control, participation of social activity, and renunciation of offensive behavior. Stress-coping in elderly people resulted in stability or instability in body and mind. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the results of this study may contribute to the development stress-coping strategies for elderly people. There is need to develop social support systems and a positive environment to avoid negative coping strategies.
Aged* ; Aging ; Anxiety ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Tape Recording

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) on distressed married couples. METHODS: We conducted 5 to 19 EFT sessions once a week with 10 couples from Yongin Mental Hospital who were experiencing marital conflict. We assessed participants before and after EFT, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90R), and Korean Marital Satisfaction Inventory (K-MSI). The EFT consisted of 3 stages comprising 9 steps. Every couple followed this EFT structure. RESULTS: After completing the EFT sessions, the inventories showed the couples experiencing significant improvements in various psychological symptoms and marital satisfactions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that EFT could be applied to distressed couples in a clinical setting and could effectively reduce psychological symptoms and improve marital satisfaction. Further study of the generalizability of these results and of the process variables are needed.
Checklist ; Depression ; Equipment and Supplies ; Family Characteristics ; Family Conflict ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Pilot Projects

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine gender differences in attitudes towards sleeping in separate rooms (SSR) a means of dealing with marital conflict and to explore the reasons why participants agreed or disagreed with SSR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Research participants were 616 married people (300 men, 316 women) aged 30 to 89 years and currently lived with their spouses in the same house. They were asked to assess their attitudes towards SSR using a Likert scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). Two separate SSR questions were given to them: one for the respondents themselves and the other for couples in general. RESULTS: There were significant gender differences in attitudes towards SSR. Men generally disagreed with SSR, with a negligible difference between the two separate SSR cases (p>.05). However, women agreed with SSR, especially with the question about the respondents themselves (p<.01). The most frequent reason from agreeing with SSR was to alleviate conflict, while the most frequent reason for disagreeing was related to sexual issues, which showed significant gender differences. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in attitudes towards the SSR were found, and the differences were examined in the context of social exchange theory. The limitation of this study was that the sexual interactive and communicative patterns of the couples who were sleeping in separate rooms were not explored.
Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Family Characteristics ; Family Conflict ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spouses

The purpose of this study was to investigate loneliness in infertile women and determine how loneliness related to personal characteristics, cause of infertility, family composition, and family conflicts. It also provides basic data for nursing strategies concerning infertile women. A total of 182 subjects were selected at an infertile clinic in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from May 2 to June 21, 1997 by questionaire. It consisted of questions concerning general characteristics, items relating to infertility, and the Loneliness Scale. The UCLA Loneliness scale was used(more specifically, the Korean version of the Revised UCLA Scale by Kim Ok Soo.). The data were analyzed by using SPSS/PC computer program. The result are as follows: 1. The mean age of infertile women was 32.4 years old, and the mean age of souses was 34.8 yerars old. 30.2% of women had a marital duration of 3-5 years, and 25.8% had a marital duration of 5-10 years. 23.1% reported the main etiology of infertility as unexplained, 18.1% reported ovulation disturbances, and 26.4% reported complex causes. 3.8% of the couples had sexual relationship difficulty 83% lived in nuclear families, while 17% lived in large families. 2. The mean loneliness scores of infertile women was 35.53(SD=8.66). The total loneliness score of this study was 80. 3. There were significant differences in loneliness scores according to ages(F=6.893, p=.001), education background(t=4.418, p=.000), and the educational background of husband(t=2.339, p=.020). 4. Loneliness scores related to family situations were significantly different according to several male nephews in husbands' family(F=2.822, p=.027). 5. Loneliness scores related to conflicts were significantly different according to husbands and their family(F=11.465, p=.000). Nurses should acknowlege the fact that some infertile women may experience loneliness. In conclusion, nurses can provide infertile women with information about ways to decrease loneliness and create support groups for themselves, assisting infertile women to adjust to the experience of infertility through positive methods.
Education ; Family Characteristics ; Family Conflict ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Korea ; Loneliness* ; Male ; Nuclear Family ; Nursing ; Ovulation ; Self-Help Groups ; Seoul ; Spouses

This study was designed to investigate clinical characteristics and outcome of patient with suicidal attempt. A retrospective analysis by chart review of 130 cases of patients with suicidal attempt who visited emergency department of Dankook University Hospital from January 1998 to December 1998. The results were as follows; 1. The ratio of patients with suicidal attempt to total patients who visited emergency department was 0.7%. The highest suicidal attempt rates were among aged 20-39. The gender ratio is similar. 2. Suicidal attempt were more common in summer, July, Friday, evening. 3. The most common place of suicidal attempt was home. 4. Drug ingestion was the most common method of suicidal attempt. Drug used for suicidal attempt were agricultural drug including organic phosphorus and carbamate, and therapeutic drug. 5. Common motives of suicidal attempt were marriage conflict, family conflict. 6. The intensity of will to die was more strong in old aged male. 7. Suicidal attempt associated with alcohol drinking was 39.2%. 8. Common symptoms or signs of intoxication were neurological and gastrointestinal.
Alcohol Drinking ; Eating ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Family Conflict ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage ; Phosphorus ; Retrospective Studies

Burn patients basically go through the sequential stages of physiological, psychological and social emergency after the burn injury. In the present study, 88 burn patients were classified into three groups according to the stages as mentioned above. Then, we observed the states of anxiety, depression, inward activities, various psychological responses measured by SCL-90-R, and body image changes in each stage. The study results were as follows: 1) We found that depressive symptoms increased as the stage advanced. They were correlated with family conflicts and low level of education. The state of anxiety was not correlated with the staging. 2) There were differences between stages I and III in ANX, DEP, SOM, PHOB axes of SCL-90-R. 3) The mood of burn patients and the patients' cooperation to the treatment observed by the nurse was partially correlated with depression and anxiety, while the patients' relation to others and interpersonal relationship were not. 4) Variables such as the size of burned area, duration of hospitalization and darkening skin affected the patients' body image. 5) We found that burn patients have psychological difficulties. Therefore, the treatment of burn injury should be done in parallel with the psychological treatment by professionals.
Anxiety ; Body Image ; Burns* ; Depression ; Education ; Emergencies ; Family Conflict ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Skin

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the lived experience of the family caregivers with the demented elderly. For investigate purposes of this study, data collection was done from May 9th to October 16th 1997, by means of in-depth interviews with 6 individuals in caregiving families. The research question was "What are the lived experiences of being a family caregiver with the demented elderly? "All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed for the analysis using Colaizzi's method. The main results of this study were as follows : 1) Family caregivers ascribed the cause of the dementia to 'environmental change' and the 'introverted personality of the elderly'. 2) Family caregivers let the demented elderly alone initially and then they restrained the elderly who was in a fit of dementia. 3) The coping response of family caregivers varied. The coping reponses were (1) having their moods go up and down, (2) enduring and praying, (3) avoiding the elderly, (4) hoping for release from responsibility, (5) enduring their conditions(obligations), (6) accepting the elderly, (7) taking an objective view, and (8) taking safety measures. 4) The long ordeal of coping with a demented elderly person resulted in the (1) loss of physical and psychological well-being, (2) ethical conflicts, (3) family conflicts, (4) become desperate, (5) rejection of the aging process, (6) sympathy and understanding for the elderly, (7) awareness that the support system is important and (8) hope of sharing their responsibility. The results of this study may help nurses to understand the lived experiences of the family caregivers with the demented elderly better, in order to provide more basic data for the development of educational programs for dementia family caregivers. It may help to make the coping process easier and more successful for the family members of the demented elderly.
Aged ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Caregivers* ; Data Collection ; Dementia ; Family Conflict ; Hope ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer

OBJECTIVES: Clinical symptoms and related psychological problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with low self-control and problematic interpersonal relationship between family members. A therapeutic narrative treatment based on "Treating Huckleberry Finn" by David Nylund was reported to be effective in reduction of individual or family conflicts. We hypothesized that therapeutic narrative treatment would improve self-control and parent-child relational problems. METHODS: Sixteen children who were diagnosed as ADHD participated in the current study. They were classified according to two groups, narrative treatment group and medication treatment group. The narrative treatment group (NTG) was asked to participate in 6 weeks combined therapy of medication and 11 sessions of narrative therapeutic treatment. The medication group (MG) was asked to participate in 6 weeks combined therapy of medication and education for behavior controls in ADHD children. RESULTS: During the 6-week treatment period, the clinical symptoms in NTG improved at a trend level, compared to MG [F(1,16)=4.32, p=0.054]. During the 6-week treatment period, the sub-scale of respecting for children in parent-child interaction scores [F(1,16)=8.65, p=0.010] and self-control scores [F(1.16)=3.78, p<0.01] in NTG improved significantly, compared to MG. CONCLUSION: Based on the current results, therapeutic narrative treatment can be a complementary trial for improving self-control and parent-child interaction in children with ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Behavior Control ; Child* ; Education ; Family Conflict ; Huckleberry Plant ; Humans ; Narrative Therapy*