BACKGROUND: The incidence rate of spondylolysis of lumbar vertebral arch in recruits is higher during the training, and it affects the normal training. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation of the incidence rate of spondy lolysis of lumbar vertebral arch with training and the original lesions at waist in recruits. DESIGN: A randomized sampling survey. SETTING: Department of Orthopaedics, the 97 Hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 100 male recruits aged 18.7 years averagely en rolled in 2003 were involved in the survey. METHODS: The 100 recruits were followed up for the whole course, the X-ray examination at lumbar vertebrae of right, lateral and two-slope positions were observed before training and after 100-day reinforced training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence rates of spondylolysis of vertebral arch, and whether there was slippage and other aggravations in those with spondylolysis before were mainly observed. RESULTS: All the 100 recruits entered the analysis of results. ① The in cidence rate of spondylolysis of vertebral arch before and after training: Be fore training, 5 cases had spondylolysis of L5 vertebral arch, and the incidence rate was 5%. At the end of the 100-day training, 8 cases had spondylolysis of lumbar vertebral arch, and the incidence rate increased to 8%. ② The results of X-ray examination before and after training: The Xray examination showed that isthmus narrowing of left and L5 vertebral arch occurred in 2 cases and 1 case respect ively, and spondylolysis of bilateral L5 vertebral arches occurred in 5 cases, including 1 case of degree I slip page before training. At the end of the 100-day training, the degree I slip page and below occurred in 3 of the 5 cases with spondylolysis of bilateral L5 vertebral arches before, another 3 cases with original narrowing of lumbar vertebral arch all had breakage. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of spondylolysis of vertebral arch is associated with the training intensity. It suggestes that the examination of spinal cord should be reinforced in enrolled recruits, and the items of Xray examination at lumbar vertebrae of right, lateral and two-slope positions should be added.

Objective To provide anatomical basis for reconstruction thumb of free bifoltaed bone flap pedicled with the dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery. Methods After red latex was infused into the arteries of 35 sides of adult cadaveric upper limbs, the origin, course, branches, diameters, skin branches and periosteal branches of dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery were observed, to initate operation experiment of reconstruction thumb on 1 sides. Results The dorsal carpal branch begins with ulnar artery (4.0?1.0)cm above the pisiform with diameter of (1.3?0.5)mm, its pedicle ranges(1.2?0.5)cm and branches off into ascending and descending branches. There were outer diameter range(0.8?0.3)mm and (1.1?0.2)mm. Skin branches of dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery nourinshed the forearm ulnar side, carpal and dorso-ulnar aspect of mid-hand, periosteal branches of dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery nourished the anterior internus side of the ulnar and the fifth metacarpal bone. Conclusion The free bifoltaed bone flap pedicled with the dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery is available to reconstruction the thumb.

Objective To explore lower rotating potint nutrient vessels of sural nerve flap with distant pedicled repairing the soft tissue defect of foot and ankle. Methods Lay a foundation of anatomic studying from february 2003 to March 2004, using lower rotating point nutrient vessels of sural nerve flap with distant pedicled repairing the soft tissue defect of foot and ankle in 11 cases. Cause of injuring: traffic accident 7 cases, crushing 1 case, saw injuring 1 case, skin cancer 1 case, chronic ulcer 1 case. Areas; foot heel 6 cases, shand lower section 2 cases, heel tendon 2 cases, the distant back of the foot 1 case. Using the flap axis point was 1cm-3cm above the pink of the external heel,average 2cm. The scope of the flap was 6.0cm?8.0cm-12.0cm?18.0cm. Results All sural nerve flap were lively. About all,2 cases have distant part necrosis, accompanying with subcutaneous tissue 1 case heels after change dressings, another heels after skin grating. All case can walk as usal, the flap has wear-resisting and keenly feel. Conclusion Lower rotating point nutrient vessels of sural nerve flap, donner area exiting fine, utlizing scope large, skin nice, grating easy, no hurting important blood vessle,alive rate high,it is an good donner area in repairing around heel, foot and shand lower section.

BACKGROUND: The distally based skin flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve has provided a method with higher achievement ratio to repair the tissue defect of ankle and foot, due to its high rotation point, lacking of distributive characteristics of distally pedicled vessels description for the specific operations, so it is still difficult in clinical application.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distal artery perforators of medial leg, so as to suggest an anatomical theory for the reasonable design of the distally based compound flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein.DESIGN: A single sample experiment.SETTING: Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from May to October, 2004.Thirty-four adult specimens perfused with red emulsion at lateral arteries of upper lower limbs were provided by the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.METHODS: Specimens of the distal medial legs were dissected with microscope taking the most prominent point of medial malleolus as the pivot point.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distal artery perforators of medial leg; ② Distal nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein; ③ Blood supply correlation of nutrient vessel with neighboring muscle, bone and skin.RESULTS: ① The distal artery perforators of medial leg derived from 9 main blood supplying sources were as follows:Intermuscular perforator of posterior tibial artery, superior malleolar branches of anterior tibial artery, osteocutaneous perforators of peroneal artery or posterior tibial artery, medial malleolar branch of medial anterior malleolar artery, tarsal tunnel branch of posterior tibial artery, medial malleolar branch of medial plantar artery, medial malleolar branch of lateral plantar artery, medial malleolar branch of the superficial branch of medial plantar artery and medial maleolar branch of medial tarsal artery. ② The above-mentioned artery perforators sent out cutaneous branches, fascial branches, periosteal branches, nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve and great saphenous vein, thus formed a superior and inferior vascular net of deep fascia, vascular chain of superficial fascia and neurocutaneous superficial vein, and periosteal vascular network. Artery perforators constituted 3 distal longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus in medial leg (anterior, middle and posterior), including anterior longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of medial anterior malleolar artery and superior malleolar branch of anterior tibial artery; middle longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of osteocutaneous perforators; posterior longitudinally distributed fascial vascular plexus of malleolar canal artery perforators and intermuscular perforators of posterior tibial arteries.CONCLUSION: The blood supply of distal medial leg, which makes the anatomical basis for distally pedicled compound flaps, has the anatomical characteristics of multiple-sources, longitudinal distribution and homogeneity of nutrient vessels.Three kinds of distally pedicled skin flap supplied by nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein can be designed by taking the intermuscular perforator of posterior tibial artery, fascial perforators of medial anterior malleolar artery and artery perforators of tarsal tunnel perforators as pedicle, and the point of rotation is on the plane of medial malleolus, which are suitable for repairing the defects of distal leg, ankle and foot.

BACKGROUND:Posterior antebrachial skin is beneficial for repairing injury of dorsum,however,the systematic anatomic characteristics of distally based compound flap pedicled with nutrient vessels need to be further studied.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anatomic characteristics of distally based flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and compound flap.DESIGN:Single sample observation.SETTING:Research Center for Clinical Anatomy,Military Institute of Orthopaedics,Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS:The experiment was carried out at the laboratory for Research Center for Clinical Anatomy,Military Institute of Orthopaedics,Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from October to December 2004.A total of 30 upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex through arteries were provided by Research Center for Clinical Anatomy,Military Institute of Orthopaedics,Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.METHODS:All 30 adults upper limbs were dissected and observed under the microscope based on the pivot point of styloid process of ulna and radius.The following microdissection was emphasized:The origins,branches,distribution and anastomosis of nutrient vessels of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve;The blood supply relationship of nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve and vicinal bone and skin.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The ordgins and branches of nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve,and whose blood supply relationship with vicinal bone and skin.RESULTS:The origin of nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve were as follows:Proximal part:2-6cutaneous perforators of radial collateral artery,with an outer diameter of (0.6±0.3) mm;Distal part:3-5 cutaneous perforators of dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery,with an outer diameter of (0.8±0.2) mm;Others:6-9cutaneous perforators of posterior nterosseous artery,with an outer diameter of (0.7±0.3) mm.Posterior interosseous artery sent out 6-8 muscle- periosteum branches with an outer diameter of (0.3-1.0) mm,which distribute on ulnar periosteum;Radial bone-skin perforators of posterior interosseous artery anastomosed with periosteal vessels of mid-inferior bare area of radial bone.All above mentioned cutaneous perforators gave off cutaneous branches,fascia branches,periosteal branches and nerve-nutrient vascular branches,all of which formed a vascular chain of cutaneous nervous stem and vascular networks of deep fascia,superficial fascia and periosteum.CONCLUSION:The nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve have the same origins as the vicinal bone-skin nutrient vessels,and the rotation point of its distally based pedicled flap and compound flap can reach the plane of wrist joint,which may be helpful to design a kind of more convenient and simplified flap to repair the distal tissue defects of the hand.

BACKGROUND: Flap pedicled with nutritional vessels of the cutaneous antebrachial medialis nerve is beneficial for repairing injury of dorsum of hand; but it needs the support from systemic anatomic research on distally based compound flap.OBJECTIVE: To study the anatomic theory of the distally based compound flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of the cutaneous antebrachial medialis nerve -basilic vein.DESIGN: Single sample observation.SETTING: Research Center for Clinical Anatomy, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the laboratory for Research Center for Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from March to August 2003. A total of 30 upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex through arteries were provided by Research Center for Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA. Each cadaver was injected with a mixture of red gelatin to show the branches, distributions and anastomosis of the lesser vessels on the stained small arteries of the finger tips.METHODS: All 30 adult upper limbs were dissected and observed under the microscope based on the pivot point of styloid process of ulna: ①The origins, branches, distribution and anastomosis of nutrient vessels of the inferior 1/3 segment of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve-basilic vein, and whose blood supply relationship with ulnar periosteal vessels. ②The superficial and deep communicating branches of basilic vein.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①The origins, branches, distribution and anastomosis of nutrient vessels of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, and whose blood supply relationship with vicinal bone and skin. ② The superficial and deep communicating branches of basilic vein.RESULTS: ①The origins of nutrient vessels supplying the inferior 1/3 segment of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve were 5-9 cutaneous branches of ulnar artery with an outer diameter of (0.7±0.3)mm. The ascending and descending branches of wrist superior branches sent out several cutaneous branches nourishing basilic vein, with an outer diameter of (0.6±0.3) mm. Between the position of (6.0-16.0) cm superior to ulnar malleolus, anterior interosseous artery sent out 2-3 perforating bone-skin branches, with an outer diameter of (0.7±0.2) mm; Posterior interosseous artery sent out 1-3 bone-skin perforating branches, with an outer diameter of (0.6±0.3) mm. Both of them were distributed on periosteum and skin of the corresponding area. All above-mentioned cutaneous perforators gave off cutaneous branches, fascia branches, periosteal branches and nutrient vascular branches of cutaneous nerve-superficial vein, and a vessel chain of cutaneous nerve-basilic vein and vascular networks of deep fascia, superficial fascia and periosteum formed. ②Ulnar artery had two accompanying veins, one was grossus, and the other thin. The two veins accompanied along two sides of artery, and the accompanying vein of arterial cutaneous branches infused. Superior wrist cutaneous branches of ulnar artery had two accompanying veins. One pumped into ulnar branch of ulnar vein, and the other one passed through deep fascia, then entered subcutaneous tissue, and straightly pumped into basilic vein. The injected position was (2.3±0.8) cm superior to ulnar malleolus, with an outer diameter of (2.8±0.5) mm.CONCLUSION: The nutrient vessels of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve-basilic vein and the nutrient vessels of bone and skin are homologous. The rotation point of their distally based pedicled flap and compound flap can reach the plane of wrist joint, which can be applied to repair the distal tissue defects of the hand.

BACKGROUND: Flap pedicled with nutritional vessels of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve is beneficial for repairing injury of dorsum; however, lacks of system researches of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve compound flap.OBJECTIVE: To study the anatomic theory of the distally based compound flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve - cephalic vein.DESIGN: A single sample observation.SETTING: Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from January to May in 2004.A total of 30 upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex through arteries were provided by the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.METHODS: The radial styloid process was taken as the mark for the microanatomical observation of the follows: ① the origins, branches, distribution and anastomosis of nutrient vessels of the inferior 1/3 segment of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein; ② the relationship of nutrient vessels of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein and radius periosteal vessels; ③ the superficial-deep communicating branches of cephalic vein.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The origins, branches, distribution and anastomosis of nutrient vessels of the inferior 1/3 segment of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein; ② The relationship of nutrient vessels of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein and radius periosteal vessels.RESULTS: ① The origins of nutrient vessels supplying the inferior 1/3 segment of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve were: 6 to 11 cutaneous branches of radial artery with an outer diameter of (0.7±0.3) mm, 2 to 6 cutaneous branches of superficial palmar branch, with an outer diameter of (0.5±0.3) mm, 1 to 2 cutaneous branches of recurrent branch nourishing the radial styloid process with an outer diameter of (0.8±0.1) mm, 1 to 2 cutaneous branches nourishing tabatiere anatomique with an outer diameter of (0.6±0.2) mm. 8.0 to 15.0 cm superior to the radial styloid process, there were 1 to 3 spatium intermuscular osteocutaneous perforators of radial artery with an outer diameter of (1.1 ±0.2) mm, and periosteal branches distributed in the denudate area of the middle-inferior radial bone with its cutaneous branches (0.8±0.2) mm in diameter. Above perforators gave rise to cutaneous branches, fascia branches,periosteal branches and nutrient vessels of nerve to superficial vein to form a vessel chain of cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein and vascular networks of deep fascia, superficial fascia and periosteum.CONCLUSION: The nutrient vessels of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein and the nutrient vessels of muscle, bone and skin are homologous. The compound flap of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve-cephalic vein pedicled with the cutaneous branches of radial artery can be applied to repair the distal tissue defects of the hand by rotating the flap on the plane of wrist joint.

BACKGROUND: Posterior antebrachial skin is beneficial for repairing injury of dorsum of hand; however, according to lacking operative researches on distal pedicel arterial perforators of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel flap, it is still a confusing problem in clinic.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the features of distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm and provide anatomical theories for suitable designing pedicle flap and compound flap at distal flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve.DESIGN: Single sample observation.SETTING: Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA.MATERIAL5: The experiment was carried out at the Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from May to October, 2004. Thirty-three upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex through arteries were provided by Researching Center of Clinical Anatomy, Military Institute of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of PLA.METHODS: Thirty-three adults upper limbs were dissected and observed with microscope with taking rhe styloid process of ulna and radius as pivot point.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm; ② nutrient vessels of distal posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve; ③ their blood supply relationship with nearby muscle, bone and skin.RESULTS: ① Along extensor digitorum communis muscle, distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm were perforated along bilateral muscular interspace and tendon interspace to form lateral and interior inosculated vascular plexuses of fascia. The axis of lateral muscle interspace, dorsal antebrachial lateral vascular plexuses consisted of lateral branch of dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery, radial interosseous cutaneous perforators, radial interosseous cutaneous perforators of posterior interosseous artery, carpal dorsal branch of radial artery and its perforators. The axis of medial muscle interspace, dorsal antebrachial medial vascular plexuses was consisted of medial branch of dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery, ulnaris interosseous cutaneous perforators, ulnaris interosseous cutaneous perforators of posterior interosseous artery, carpal dorsal branch of ulnaris artery and its perforators. ②Above mentioned arterial perforators sent out cutaneous branches, fascia branches and posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel to form vascular chain of cutaneous nerve stem and vascular nets of deep and superficial fascia.Muscle-periosteum branches of posterior interosseous artery had some ulnar periostea whose radial interosseous cutaneous perforators were anastoimosed with periosteum vessels in the middle and inferior segments of radius; therefore,there was an anatomic basis for distal pedicele compound flap.CONCLUSION: Blood supply of distal antebrachial arterial perforators of dorsal forearm is characterized by multiple sources, obviously longitudinal distribution and homologous nutrient vessel; therefore, there are three blood-supplied distal pedicled flap or compound flap of posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve nutrient vessel. Rotation point of distal pediclde flap can reach wrist joint, and the compound flap can be applied in repairing the injury of distal tissue of hand.

Objective To provide anatomic basis for sensation restoratiou of distally based island flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of superficial peroneal nerve by use of lateral sural cutaneous nerve. Methods The origin, course and distribution rule of lateral part sensory nerve of leg were dissected and observed in 40 antisepticized adult cadaveric limbs. Results ①Lateral sural cutaneous nerve originated from common peroneal nerve 7cm above apex of fibular head, descended short distance along common peroneal nerve, then passed through pepliteal fascia to facies lateralis cruris,along the way it sent out 1-3 terminal branches, which distributed over the skin of Ⅰ , Ⅱ area in the posterior lateral leg. ②Superficial peroneal nerve originated from common peroneal nerve 1.9cm below apex of fibular head, descended forward between peroneus longus and fibula, then descended between peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, and sent out branches to the two muscles. The nerve bole (pure sensory nerve branch) descended straight between peroneus brevis and anterior cmral intermuscular septum, at the juncture between Ⅱ、Ⅲ area in facies lateralis eruris, passed through deep fascia to subcutaneous tissue, then sent out medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot, which distributed over the skin of dorsum of foot and Ⅲ area in facies lateralis cmris. Conclusion It may be available in sensation restoration of distally based island flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of superficial peroneal nerve through anastomosis of lateral sural cutaneous nerve bole with sensory nervous ramification of recipient site.

Objective To provide the anetomic base for the transposition of spine of scapular flap pedicled with thoracoacromial artery Methods The course, branches and distribution of thoracoacromial artery were observed on 40 adult cadaver specimens Results The main branch of thoracoacromial artery was the acromial branch Its length was (5 1?0 1) cm, the originated diameter was (1 2?0 2) mm The deltoid muscular branch went outward intermuscular ditch between deltoid muscle anspectoralis major muscle, and anastomosed with anterior humeral circumflex artery constantly besides distributing to deltoid muscle and pectoralis major muscle, its diameter was (1 9?0 2) mm, the length form the originated dot to the entrancing muscular dot of deltoid muscle or pectoralis major muscle was (4 8?0 5) cm or (3,2?0 4) cm respectively Conclusion The transposition of lateral segment spine of scapular flap pedicled with the acromial branch of thoracoacromial artery or deltoid muscular branch acromial branch may be designed for repairing proximal humerus