OBJECTIVETo establish the differential templates of the skeletal profiles for Shanghainese with normal occlusion in early permanent dentition.

METHODS71 lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects with normal occlusion in early permanent dentition, aged from 11 - 15 years (37 females and 34 males) were traced. 23 skeletal landmarks were identified on the tracings, which afterwards were scanned on the computer. An x-y coordinate system was established: the tracing superimposed on sella rotated 7 degrees down from the sella-nasion line as the x axis and the vertical line through sella perpendicular to the x axis as the y axis. A special length/depth ratio was designed. The length/depth ratio of each graph were calculated. Steiner analysis was applied to check the difference between genders.

RESULTSThere was no difference between genders. The tracings were divided into three categories: short face, normal face and long face according to the mean and standard deviation of the ratio. The three types of tracings were superimposed on the x axis with sella registered. Three templates were created.

CONCLUSIONSThe differences were apparent when the three templates were superimposed.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Child ; Dental Occlusion ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed at finding sensitive indicators in diagnosing facial growth pattern by studying the relationship between the indicators which can reflect facial growth pattern according to the previous studies and posterior-anterior ratio.

METHODSThe cephalometric radiographs of 61 teenage children were measured, the posterior-anterior ratio and the other 12 indicators including Y-axis angle, facial axis angle, cranial basal angle, and the four angles (The sagittal horizontal planes were analyzed using statistic methods.

RESULTSThe MP-SN angle was significantly coincided with the posterior-anterior ratio and Pearson coefficient is -0.922, and little correlation was found between the angles of four sagital horizontal planes and the posterior-anterior ratio. The positive correlation was found between the length of mandibular ramus and posterior-anterior ratio.

CONCLUSIONThe sensitive indicators for confirming facial growth pattern are the posterior-anterior ratio and the MP-SN angle.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; Child ; Dental Occlusion ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Maxillofacial Development ; Reference Values

OBJECTIVETo study the stability and the reliability of the first 3D laser cranio-maxillofacial reconstruction system in China.

METHODSThe same 3D laser scan image of a head plaster model was measured twice three weeks before and after. That head cast was also scanned and reconstructed twice three weeks before and after, and then the 3D images were measured. To the same head cast we compared the laser measurement with the direct manual measurement. The statistical analysis of measurements was made using the paired t test.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference between two sets of measurements on the same image (P > 0.05). The difference in the measurements was not significant between two reconstructed images of the same model (P > 0.05). And there was also no significant difference between the measurements by laser and by hand (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe recognition of the author to the 3D laser scan image is reliable. The laser scanning system has a good stability and reliability and can be used in clinical study preliminary.

Cephalometry ; methods ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Lasers ; Maxilla ; anatomy & histology ; Orthodontics ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Skull ; anatomy & histology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between airflow ratio and craniofacial, airway and dental morphology.

METHODSSeventy-two subjects aged 11 to 14 years were selected. The airflow ratio was measured by the system for the simultaneous measurement of oral and nasal respiration. Eighty-six variables of craniofacial, airway and dental morphology were acquired based on cephalometric films and models, from which 16 significant variables were selected. Multiple regression analysis (backward) and linear regression analysis were carried out in order to acquire morphological variables that had closer correlation with the airflow ratio.

RESULTSFour variables were found to have closer correlated association with the airflow ratio (P < 0.05), which were ANS-Me/N-Me, Ar-Go-Me, P-T, SHJK orderly and the coefficients were 3.359, 0.012, -0.013 and -0.021, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSCraniofacial morphology was related to the respiratory mode.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; Child ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Mouth ; anatomy & histology ; Mouth Breathing ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Pharynx ; anatomy & histology ; Radiography ; Tooth ; anatomy & histology

OBJECTIVETo study the growth characters of the craniofacial widths and then perusing its growth pattern.

METHODS26 adolescents with normal occlusions were selected. A posteroanterior cephalogram was taken for every subject at the same time each year for 6 successive years. Computer-aided cephalometrics was carried out.

RESULTS(1) From age 13 to 18, most items of the craniofacial widths were bigger in male than in female. With the increase of age, the items with gender differences keep stable, except the width of L-Anter, L-Ore and L-Nas. (2) Compare with the growth completion of the craniofacial widths in 18 years old, they had completed more than 92% in 13 years old, and the L-Eur, L-Anter, L-Lo, L-Max, L-UM and L-LM were almost complete as well. The growth completion quantity of L-Ore, L-Zyg, and L-Nas in female was larger than that in male. (3) The growth of L-Mas, L-Nas, and L-Zyg could keep on to the age of 18. The L-Max maitained stable in female after 13 years old, while there was a growth from age 13 to 17 in male. (4) From age 13 to 18, the tooth arch width kept stable, while the cusp of the lower canine tends to be converging.

CONCLUSIONThe present findings may aid orthodontists to make rational diagnosis and treatment planning.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; Dental Occlusion ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Maxilla ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Maxillofacial Development ; Reference Values ; Skull ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to compare the differences of craniofacial characteristics of adult high-angle and low-angle facial skeletal types.

METHODSThe subjects consisted of 37 yellow race adults (17 high-angle, 20 low-angle). Fifty-three items of cephlometic radiographs were analyzed.

RESULTSThe angle of N-S-Ar and N-S-Ba, the distance of Ptm-A, Co-Go, Po-NB, and S-Go, and the thickness of the mandibular symphysis in high-angle group were smaller than these in low-angle group. The angles of SN-OP, FH-OP, PP-OP, SN-MP, FH-MP, PP-MP, S-Ar-Go, mandibular angle(Ar-Go-Me), Y-angel and SUM, the distance of S-Co, N-Me, and ANS-Me in high-angle group were greater than these in low-angle group. The index of FHI, N-ANS/N-Me, and N-ANS/ANS-Me were smaller, and ANS-Me/N-Me larger in high-angle group. Although the means of Go-Po and FH-RP were smaller in high angle group, but no statistical difference were found.

CONCLUSIONThe craniofacial morphology of adult high-angle and low-angle facial skeletal types demonstrated significant differences, especially in lower facial form.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cephalometry ; Dental Occlusion ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maxilla ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Radiography ; Reference Values ; Skull ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging

Anthropometric traits for eyes and nose are complex quantitative traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. To date, there have been few reports on the contribution of genetic influence to these traits in Asian populations. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic effect and quantitative trait locus (QTL) of seven traits eyes- and nose-related anthropometric measurements in an isolated Mongolian population. Frontal and lateral photographs were obtained from 1,014 individuals (434 males and 580 females) of Mongolian origin. A total of 349 short tandem repeat markers on 22 autosomes were genotyped for each individual. Heritability estimates of the seven ocular and nasal traits, adjusted for significant covariates, ranged from 0.48 to 0.90, providing evidence for a genetic influence. Variance-component linkage analyses revealed 10 suggestive linkage signals on 5q34 (LOD = 3.2), 18q12.2 (LOD = 2.7), 5q15 (LOD = 2.0), 9q34.2 (LOD = 1.9), 5q34 (LOD = 1.9), 17q22 (LOD = 1.9), 13q33.3 (LOD = 2.7), 1q36.22 (LOD = 1.9), 4q32.1 (LOD = 2.1) and 15q22.31 (LOD = 2.9). Our study provides the first evidence that genetics influences nasal and ocular traits in a Mongolian population. Additional collaborative efforts will further extend our understanding of the link between genetic factors and human anthropometric traits.
Anthropometry ; *Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Eye ; Facial Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Genetic Linkage ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Mongolia ; Nose ; Quantitative Trait Loci

OBJECTIVETo analyze craniofacial growth three-dimensionally for adolescents with normal occlusion in Beijing.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-six adolescents with normal occlusion were selected according to the criteria. The sample was divided into four age groups (53 within 4 years, 30 within 7 years, 27 within 10 years and 16 within 13 years). Information of growth was collected. Three-dimensional cephalometric system based on cone-bean CT was established.

RESULTSFrom 4 to 13 years Co-A increased (14.55 ± 1.15) mm on average on the left and (13.66 ± 1.14) mm on the right, and Co-Gn increased (22.89 ± 1.40) mm on the left and (22.82 ± 1.38) mm on the right; and U1-NA increased (2.20 ± 0.44) mm on the left and (1.60 ± 0.46) mm on the right; and CoL-CoR and GoL-GoR increased (13.31 ± 1.21) mm and (18.59 ± 1.40) mm, and N-Me increased (18.03 ± 1.32) mm.SN-PP and SN-MPL basically remained unchanged.

CONCLUSIONSAdolescents with normal occlusion in Beijing grew obviously in three-dimensions and developed harmoniously.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dental Occlusion ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Incisor ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Maxilla ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Maxillofacial Development

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methods for sex determination on head CT film. METHODS: To establish the sex determination equations by binary regression analysis of cranial skeletal indices obtained on head CT film. RESULTS: A single element equation by applying the index of the width of ansa capitis and a multi-element equation by applying multitude indices were established. CONCLUSION The equations for sex determination on head CT film were established.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Algorithms ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Head/diagnostic imaging* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; ROC Curve ; Sex Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Zygoma/anatomy & histology*

PURPOSE: There are marked differences in facial skeletal characteristics between Asian and Caucasian. However, ethnic differences in age-related facial skeletal changes have not yet been fully established. The aims of this study were to evaluate age-related changes in Asian midfacial skeletons and to explore ethnic differences in facial skeletal structures with aging between Caucasian and Asian. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 108 men (aged 20-79 years) and 115 women (aged 20-81 years). Axial CT images with a gantry tilt angle of 0 were analyzed. We measured three-dimensional (3D) coordinates at each point with a pixel lens cursor in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and angles and widths between the points were calculated using 3D vector mathematics. We analyzed angular changes in 4 bony regions, including the glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture regions, and changes in the orbital aperture width (distance from the posterior lacrimal crest to the frontozygomatic suture) and the pyriform width (between both upper margins of the pyriform aperture). RESULTS: All 4 midfacial angles in females and glabellar and maxillary angles in males showed statistically significant decreases with aging. On the other hand, the orbital and pyriform widths did not show statistically significant changes with aging. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Asian midfacial skeletons may change continuously throughout life, and that there may be significant differences in the midfacial skeleton between both sexes and between ethnic groups.
Adult ; Aged ; Aging/ethnology/*physiology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Bones/*anatomy & histology/*radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Mathematics ; Maxilla/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Middle Aged ; Orbit/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Radiology Information Systems ; Republic of Korea ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Young Adult ; Zygoma/anatomy & histology/radiography