Objective To study the significance of the sample S/Co ratio when using a domestic reagent for anti-hepatitis C virus(HCV)antibody detection and to explore the procedure and standard of anti-HCV antibody diagnosis by using this domestic reagent.Methods Anti-HCV antibody was detected in 295 000 blood donors by a domestic anti-HCV reagent with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)method and the reactive samples were tested again by ortho anti-HCV antibody reagent.The samples which anti-HCV antibodies were determined as positive by ortho anti-HCV rea- gent were examined by recombinant immunoblot assay(RIBA)reagent and 106 samples of them were also tested for HCV RNA.Results Six hundred and eighty-one samples were reactive in 295 000 samples screened by the domestic ELISA reagent,the reactive ratio was 0.23 %.Among the reactive samples screened by the domestic ELISA reagent,367 samples were determined as positive by ortho anti-HCV reagent while 66.2% of them showed a S/Co ratio≥3.8.The consistency rate between positive results determined by the domestic reagent and RIBA reagent respectively was 53.8%.For the samples showing S/Co ratio≥3.8 by ortho anti-HCV reagent,94.2% had a S/Co ratio≥8.0 when using the domestic ELISA reagent,while the percentage of samples showing S/Co ratio

OBJECTIVETo observe cerebral protective effect of muscone (nasal administration) on traumatic brain injury model rats.

METHODSSD rats were divided into the sham-operation group, the model group, and the treatment groups according to random digit table, 50 in each group. Traumatic brain injury model was established by controlled cortical strike. Rats in the sham-operation group received surgery and anesthesia procedures only, with no strike. Muscone (1.8 mg/kg) was delivered to rats in the treatment group using in situ nasal perfusion, 30 min each time, twice daily for 7 successive days. Water content of brain tissue was detected in each group before intervention (T1), at day 3 of intervention (T2), day 5 of intervention (T3), and after intervention (T4), respectively. Expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were detected using immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTSCompared with the sham-operated group, water content of brain tissue increased (P < 0.05), and expression levels of NGF and BDNF decreased in the model group at T1, T2, T3, and T4 (P <0. 01). Compared with the model group, water content of brain tissue decreased (P < 0.05), and expression levels of NGF and BDNF increased (P < 0.01) in the treatment group at T1, T2, and T3.

CONCLUSIONNasal administration of muscone could reduce water content of brain tissue, alleviate cerebral edema, promote secretion of BDNF and NGF by olfactory ensheathing cells in traumatic brain injury rats.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; Brain Injuries ; drug therapy ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Cycloparaffins ; pharmacology ; Nerve Growth Factor ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The thrombin is a neurotoxic agent,which plays an important role in the course of brain edema and brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage.This article reviews the neurotoxicity mechanisms of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage.

In order to efficiently control the quality of the Tibetan medicine Gentianae Szechenyii Flos, the quality standard was established in this study. The tests of water content, total ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of the crude drugs were carried out based on the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC method was established by using reference drug and gentiournoside A as reference substance, and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-formic acid (7: 1.5: 1: 0.2) as the developing solvent system on silica gel G TLC plate. The content of gentiournoside A was assayed by HPLC on a Ultimate XB-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) column, using methanol-water (0.02% phosphoric acid) (52:48) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is 25 degrees C and the detection wavelength is at 240 nm. As a result, gentiournoside A and the other constituents were separated and presented the same fluorescence light comparing with the reference substance on TLC detected under the UV light(366 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of gentiournoside A showed that it was in a good linear correlation in the range of 10.01-400.32 mg x L(-1) with the regression equation of Y = 1 539.5X - 33.339 (r = 0.999 7), and the average recovery was 99.68% (RSD 1.92%). The mass fractions of gentiournoside A, water content, ethanol-soluble extractives of 19 batches samples were varied in the ranges of 14.48-31.51 mg x g(-1), 11.25% -12.74% and 24.21% - 31.60%, respectively, and total ash was 4.64% - 6.12% detected from 10 batches samples. The recommended standards of quantitative indexes are that the mass fractions of gentiournoside A and extractives are not less than 15.0 mg x g(-1) (1.5%) and 21.0%, respectively; the water and total ash are not more than 13.0% and 6.0%, respectively.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Gentiana ; chemistry ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Quality Control

Gentianae Urnulae Herba, dried whole herb of Gentiana urnula,is a commonly used Tibetan medicine. However, only the character identification is used as quality control standard officially at present. As a part of project for the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), the quality standard of this species was established in this study. The tests of water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of the crude drugs were carried out following the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC identification method was established by using gentiournoside A as reference substance, and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-formic acid(7:1. 5:1: 0. 2) as the developing solvent system on silica gel G TLC plate. The content of gentiournoside A was assayed by HPLC on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm,5 μm) column, using acetonitrile-water (0.1% phosphoric acid) (26:74) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is at 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength is at 240 nm. As a result, gentiournoside A and the other constituents were separated and presented the same fluorescence light comparing with the reference substance on TLC detected under the UV light(366 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of gentiournoside A showed that it was in a good linear correlation in the range of 0.009 95-0.398 g x L(-1) with the regression equation of Y = 1 467.1X +41.407(r = 0.999 9), and the average recovery was 98. 3% (RSD 2.2%). The mass fractions of gentiournoside A, water content, ethanol-soluble extractives of 15 batches samples were varied in the ranges of 0.175% -1.83%, 8.60% - 9.93% and 29.2% - 35.2%, respectively. Total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 10.2% - 17.2% and 5.26% - 10.8% detected from 10 batches samples. The recommended standards of quantitative indexes are that the mass fractions of gentiournoside A and extractives are not less than 0.80% and 26.0%, respectively; the water, total ash and acid-insoluble ash are not more than 12.0%, 15.0% and 8.0%, respectively.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control

AIMTo develop a method for determination of adenosine, rutin and quercetin in Carthamus tinctorius L. by high performance capillary electrophoresis(HPCE).

METHODSA fused silica capillary (66.5 cm x 50 microns ID, an effective length of 58 cm) was used. The running buffer composed of 50 mmol.L-1 borax (pH 9.7) containing 18% methanol. The applied voltage was 24 kV and the capillary temperature was 20 degrees C. The detection wavelength was 210 nm. Rifampicin was used as internal standard.

RESULTSA good linearity between peak area ratio of the common peak to the internal standard and the concentration was found in the range of 10-160 mg.L-1 for adenosine, 100-2,000 mg.L-1 for rutin and 100-1,600 mg.L-1 for quercetin (r > 0.998). The average recoveries were 98.5%-100.5%, 96.9%-99.5% and 99.1%-99.5% for adenosine, rutin and quercetin, respectively. The relative standard deviation was less than 6.5% (n = 5).

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, rapid and with satisfactory recoveries and good reproducibilities. It can be used to control the quality of Carthamus tinctorius.

Adenosine ; analysis ; Carthamus tinctorius ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; methods ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quercetin ; analysis ; Rutin ; analysis

Abstract: Objective　To investigate the distribution characteristics of HCV genotypes and subtypes in patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)/HCV co-infection in Kunming based on the nucleocapsid protein gene sequence of HCV (hepatitis C virus). Methods　Serum was collected from HIV/HCV co-infected patients with household registration in 14 county-level cities, districts and counties under the jurisdiction of Kunming, who admitted to Yunnan Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital from March to August 2019. The viral RNA was extracted from the serum, reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA, and the HCV nucleocapsid protein gene-specific primers were used for nested PCR amplification. The positive amplification products were sequenced, bioinformatics software such as DNAstar and MEGAX were used for sequence analysis. Results　A total of 64 samples from co-infected patients with clinical diagnosis of suspected HIV/HCV were collected and amplified by HCV nucleocapsid protein gene-specific primers, of which 17 samples were amplified positively. The results of sequence analysis showed that the sequences of 9 cases were located in the same evolutionary branch as the HCV 3b subtype sequence, and the nucleotide homology was 93.3%-95.2%; the sequences of 5 cases were located in the same evolutionary branch as the HCV 1b subtype sequence, and the nucleotide homology was 96.8%-97.6%; the sequence of one case and the subtype sequence of HCV 3a gene were located in the same evolutionary branch, and the nucleotide homology was 95.2%; the sequence of one case and HCV 6n gene subtype sequence were located in the same evolutionary branch, and the nucleotide homology was 97.9%; One case was located in the same evolutionary branch as the HCV 6u gene subtype sequence, and the nucleotide homology was 98.4%. Conclusions　HCV 1b, HCV 3a, HCV 3b, HCV 6n and HCV 6u genotypes or subtypes of HCV are prevalent in Kunming, and HCV 3b is the most prevalent genotype.

0.05).Seven cases in LDH group and 9 cases in HID group were found in FT picture.The mean DCavg value in annulus fibrosus disruption was significantly larger (1.01?0.10)?10~(-9)mm~2/s and the mean FA value(0.15?0.03)was significantly smaller than those in normal place(P

AlM: To measure the retinal electrical activities in patients with diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) by applying multifocal electroretinogram ( mf-ERG) and evaluate the degree of visual damage at different stages of DR
METHODS:Thirty cases ( 30 eyes ) aged 50 ~70 years old, excluding other diseases, were as normal group, and 99 cases ( 99 eyes ) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were as experiment group. The cases received mf-ERG examination in the standard state, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed
RESULTS: For DR patients with early and background stage, the reaction density of mf - ERG P1 wave decreased as the disease worsened, significantly reduced in non - proliferating stage and decreased more significantly in the background of the stage Ⅲ. This showed that in the macula, electrical activity had weakened before the retina without visual or morphological changes, and with the development of the disease, the electrical activity decreased more obviously.
CONCLUSlON:mf-ERG can evaluate the severity of DR, especially suit in the early and background period of DR.

OBJECTIVETo observe changes of plasma polypeptide hormone levels in rats with gastric ulcer after exposure to intense noise, and to discuss their mechanism.

METHODS80 Wistar rats were used in the study. Plasma levels of rat gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), osteocalcin (BGP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT) and somatostatin (SS) in rats were measured by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS(1) In non-noise-exposure but with gastric ulcer group, the plasma MTL [(160.70 +/- 40.34) pg/ml] and BGP [(27.63 +/- 13.13) pg/ml] levels on 10 d after gastric ulcer model operation were remarkably higher than those in control group [(89.21 +/- 49.94) pg/ml, (9.10 +/- 1.38) pg/ml respectively] (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), while the GAS level was remarkably descended [(107.00 +/- 21.75) vs (158.48 +/- 20.92) pg/ml] (P < 0.01). (2) In noise-exposure but without gastric ulcer group, the plasma MTL [(312.80 +/- 207.42) pg/ml] and BGP [(17.76 +/- 12.33) pg/ml] levels on 10 d were also significantly increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively), while the GAS levels didn't change. (3) In noise-exposure + gastric ulcer group, the areas of gastric ulcer on 10 d and 40 d after noise and operation [(15.33 +/- 7.26) and (15.11 +/- 12.45) mm(2) respectively] were significantly larger than those of the control [(8.22 +/- 6.66), (3.67 +/- 9.90) mm(2)] (P < 0.05). The plasma MTL levels on 10 d and 40 d [(244.44 +/- 68.11) and (191.20 +/- 60.50) pg/ml respectively] were higher than those in control group [(160.70 +/- 40.34) and (93.10 +/- 52.90) pg/ml respectively] (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONIntense noise exposure may make the rat gastric ulcer worsened and induce negative effect on healing of it. The gastrointestinal endocrine would be disturbed by combined effect of intense noise exposure with gastric ulcer in rats.

Animals ; Male ; Noise ; Peptides ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stomach Ulcer ; blood ; etiology