Adolescent ; Adult ; Dysgerminoma ; etiology ; genetics ; Female ; Gonadal Dysgenesis ; genetics ; Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY ; genetics ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; genetics

This paper summaries the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I), a tool for evaluating risk of bias about Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (NRSI), and introduces the application of ROBINS-I in a published NRSI. According to the characteristics of NRSI, evaluation field and signaling question were designed in ROBINS-I to provide essential information about risk of bias for NRSI included in systematic reviews. ROBINS-I is the tool in assessment of risk of bias in observational studies and quasi-randomised studies. Although the tool has been used in practice to some extent, but it still needs further improvement. Attention should be paid to its update and progress.
Animals ; Bias ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Assessment/methods* ; Selection Bias

Objective: To understand the characteristics and dynamic of HIV-1 subtype distribution in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015. Methods: HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from serum samples of the individuals newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection among MSM living in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015. The pol gene segments of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and were sequenced. Subsequently, the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using pol sequences of samples and references together and the subtype of HIV-1 was determined. The distributions of HIV-1 subtypes detected in MSM with different demographic characteristics in different years were compared. Results: A total of 2 210 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from 2 473 serum samples of the MSM. The average age of 2 210 MSM was 30.19 years with standard deviation of 8.22 years, the unmarried MSM and those in Han ethnic group accounted for 73.39% and 90.81%, respectively. The proportion of subtype CRF07_BC (38.10%) was highest, followed by CRF01_AE (34.84%), CRF55_01B (14.62%), B (6.06%), URFs (3.58%), CRF59_01B (2.17%) and other subtypes (0.63%). The annual proportions of subtype B (P=0.000, 99%CI:0.000-0.000), CRF07_BC (χ(2)=14.965, P=0.036), CRF55_01B (χ(2)=18.161, P=0.011) and URFs (P=0.001, 99% CI: 0.000-0.001) were significantly different. The proportion of subtype B showed a gradual decrease from 14.08% to 4.33% (P=0.000, 99%CI: 0.000-0.000), while the proportion of URFs rapidly increased from 0% to 6.40% (P=0.000, 99% CI: 0.000-0.000). The rate of URFs was significantly higher in farmers and migrant workers than in other groups (P=0.017, 99%CI: 0.014- 0.020) and the rate of URFs was higher in individuals who had multi sexual partners (χ(2)=5.733, P=0.017). Conclusions: CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes and multiple subtypes co-circulated among MSM in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015. The recombinations of HIV-1 continue to occur in MSM. Strengthening behavioral intervention for farmers, migrant workers and individuals who have multi sexual partners has the important epidemiological significance against the emerging and circulating of the novel recombinant virus among MSM in Guangzhou.
China/epidemiology* ; Genes, pol ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/virology* ; HIV Seropositivity/genetics* ; HIV-1/isolation & purification* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/blood* ; Sexual Behavior

Humans ; Erdheim-Chester Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/surgery* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human ocular thelaziasis patients in China. METHODS: Case reports regarding human ocular thelaziasis cases in China were retrieved in international and national electronic databases, including CNKI, VIP, CBM, Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Wanfang Database, PubMed and Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. Patients' gender, age, clinical symptoms, treatment, recurrence, site of infections, time of onset, affected eye, affected sites, number of infected Thelazia callipaeda, sex of T. callipaeda and source of infections were extracted for descriptive analyses. RESULTS: A total of 85 eligible publications were included, covering 101 cases of human ocular thelaziasis, including 57 males (56.44%) and 44 females (43.56%) and aged from 3 months to 85 years. The main clinical manifestations included foreign body sensation (56 case-times, 22.49%), eye itching (38 case-times, 15.26%), abnormal or increased secretions (36 case-times, 14.46%), tears (28 case-times, 11.24%) and eye redness (28 case-times, 11.24%), and conjunctival congestion (50 case-times, 41.67%) was the most common clinical sign. The most common main treatment (99/101, 98.02%) was removal of parasites from eyes using ophthalmic forceps, followed by administration with ofloxacin and pranoprofen. In publications presenting thelaziasis recurrence, there were 90 cases without recurrence (97.83%) and 2 cases with recurrence (2.17%). Of all cases, 51.96% were reported in four provinces of Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Henan, and ocular thelaziasis predominantly occurred in summer (42.19%) and autumn (42.19%). In addition, 56.45% (35/62) had a contact with dogs. CONCLUSIONS The human thelaziasis cases mainly occur in the continental monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate areas such as the Yellow River and the Yangtze River basin, and people of all ages and genders have the disease, with complex clinical symptoms and signs. Personal hygiene is required during the contact with dogs, cats and other animals, and individual protection is required during outdoor activities to prevent thelaziasis.
Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Bibliometrics ; China/epidemiology* ; Seasons ; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology* ; Thelazioidea ; Eye Diseases/parasitology*

Objective: To investigate the associations of obesity and physical activity with cognition in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2009 to June 2010 among people aged ≥50 years selected through multistage random cluster sampling in Shanghai. The subjects' body weight, body height, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR), and the data on self-reported physical activity level were collected through questionnaire survey. A comprehensive battery of cognitive tests was conducted to assess subjects' cognitive functions, including verbal recall, forward digit span (FDS), backward digit span (BDS), and verbal fluency (VF). General linear model was used to examine the associations of BMI, WHR and physical activity with cognition. Results: A total of 7 913 participants were included, with a median age of 60 years. Age, sex, education level, income level, BMI, WHR and physical activity level were significantly associated with cognitive scores in univariate analysis. After adjusted for age, sex, education level and income level, BMI was no longer significantly associated with cognitive scores in all cognitive functions (all P>0.01). WHR was significantly associated with VF score (P<0.01). Abdominally obese participants had lower VF score than non-abdominally obese participants (P<0.01). Physical activity level was significantly associated with all cognitive functions (P<0.01). Compared with participants with moderate physical activity level, participants with low physical activity level had lower scores in all cognitive functions (P<0.01). Conclusion: Abdominal obesity and low physical activity level were negatively associated with cognition level in the elderly, suggesting that waist circumference control and physical activity might help maintain cognition in the elderly.
Aged ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; China ; Cognition/physiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Waist Circumference ; Waist-Hip Ratio

Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and identify the high risk areas of pulmonary tuberculosis at the township level in Beijing during 2005-2015. Methods: Data on pulmonary tuberculosis cases was collected from the tuberculosis information management system. Global autocorrelation analysis, local indicators of spatial association and Kulldorff's Scan Statistics were applied to map the spatial distribution and detect the space-time clusters of the pulmonary tuberculosis cases during 2005-2015. Results: Spatial analysis on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis at the township level demonstrated that the spatial autocorrelation was positive during the study period. The values of Moran's I ranged from 0.224 3 to 0.291 8 with all the P values less than 0.05. Hotspots were primarily distributed in 8 towns/streets as follows: Junzhuang, Wangping, Yongding and Tanzhesi in Mentougou district, Yancun in Fangshan district, Wangzuo town in Fengtai district, Tianqiao street in Xicheng district and Tianzhu town in Shunyi district. Spatiotemporal clusters across the entire study period were identified by using Kulldorff's spatiotemporal scan statistic. The primary cluster was located in Chaoyang and Shunyi districts, including 17 towns/streets, as follows: Cuigezhuang, Maizidian, Dongfeng, Taiyanggong, Zuojiazhuang, Hepingjie, Xiaoguan, Xiangheyuan, Dongba, Jiangtai, Wangjing, Jinzhan, Jiuxianqiao, Laiguangying, Sunhe towns/streets in Chaoyang district, Houshayu and Tianzhu town in Shunyi district, during January to December 2005. Conclusion: Incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis displayed spatial and temporal clusterings at the township level in Beijing during 2005-2015, with high risk areas relatively concentrated in the central and southern parts of Beijing.
Beijing ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Spatial Analysis ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/ethnology*

Objective: To explore the relationship of family environment in childhood and adolescence and mental health in adulthood. Methods: A total of 791 subjects aged ≥25 years were selected through the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR). The short-form of Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV) was used to evaluate the family environment during childhood and adolescence in three dimensions: relationship, system maintenance and personal growth. The mental health status in adulthood was assessed with the Chinese version of 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The generalized linear mixed model was used to examine their relationship. Results: About 4.6% of the subjects reported general or worse mental health status. Compared with the subjects with good mental status, statistical difference was observed only in parenting way among twins (living together or not). After adjusting the potential confounders, such as age, sex, zygosity, education and lifestyle (smoking, drinking and physical activity), good family relationship and system maintenance had a positive effect on mental health, with the OR (95%CI) of 0.66 (0.51-0.87) and 0.70 (0.50-0.98) respectively. Furthermore, parenting way did not modify the effect of family environment on mental health status in adulthood (interaction: P>0.05). In each scale, scores of cohesion and organization were positively correlated with mental health, while the score of conflict was negatively correlated with the mental health. Conclusion: Good family relationship and system maintenance in childhood and adolescence had a positive impact on mental health in adulthood.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parenting

Objective: To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive injecting drug users (IDUs) infected with HIV-1 in Guangzhou. Methods: HIV-1 RNA were extracted from the serum specimens of the newly confirmed HIV-1 positive IDUs living in Guangzhou, being infected through injecting drug use and receiving no antiretroviral therapy at the time of confirmation during 2008-2015. Full sequence of pol protease (PR) gene and partial sequence of reverse transcriptase (RT) gene were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and sequenced. After that, data were submitted to the HIV resistance database of Stanford University for drug resistance analysis. Results: Among the 518 HIV-1 infected IDUs, HIV-1pol gene segments were successfully obtained from the serum samples of 407 HIV-1 infected IDUs (78.57%) aged 18-64 (37.44±8.14) years. Among them, males accounted for 89.68% (365/407), those of Han ethnic group accounted for 89.93% (366/407), the unmarried accounted for 55.28% (225/407), and those with education level of junior high school or below accounted for 83.78% (341/407). The distribution of subtypes was predominated by CRF07_BC (47.18%, 192/407), followed by CRF01_AE (23.83%, 97/407), CRF08_BC (22.85%, 93/407), and other subtypes (6.14%, 25/407). The overall prevalence of drug resistance was 3.44% (14/407). The prevalence of drug resistance to protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were 1.47%(6/407), 0.25% (1/407) and 1.72% (7/407) respectively. The mutation rate was 12.29% (50/407). No major drug resistance mutation was detected in protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase regions. Higher rate of V179E mutation in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase region was detected in other subtypes and subtype CRF07_BC. Mutation seemed to have occurred in all 8 cases of subtype CRF55_01B in other subtypes. The highest mutation rate of E138A was detected in subtype CRF08_BC (3.23%). Two cases were resistant to all four drugs of NNRTIs. Conclusions: The prevalence of drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV-1 positive IDUs remained at a relatively low level during 2008-2015, in Guangzhou. Most infections were sensitive to existing antiviral drugs. However, drug resistance surveillance in IDUs infected with HIV should be strengthened to prevent the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and cross drug resistance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics* ; Drug Users ; Genes, pol/genetics* ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/psychology* ; HIV-1/isolation & purification* ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Prevalence ; RNA, Viral/genetics* ; Young Adult

Radical gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy has been widely performed as the standard surgery for patients with gastric cancer in major medical centers in China and abroad. However, the exact extent of lymph node dissection is still controversial. In the latest version of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines, No. 14v lymph nodes (along the root of the superior mesenteric vein) are again defined as loco-regional lymph nodes, and it is clarified that distal gastric cancer presenting with infra-pyloric regional lymph node (No.6) metastasis is recommended for D2+ superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v) lymph node dissection. To explore the relevance and clinical significance of No.6 and No.14v lymphadenectomy in radical gastric cancer surgery, a review of the national and international literature revealed that No.6 lymph node metastasis was associated with No.14v lymph node metastasis, that No.6 lymph node status was a valid predictor of No.14v lymph node negative status and false negative rate, and that for gastric cancer patients with No. 14v lymph node negative and No.6 lymph node positive, the dissection of No.14v lymph node may also have some significance. The addition of No. 14v lymph node dissection in radical gastrectomy is safe, but it is more important to distinguish the patients who can benefit from it. Professor Liang Han of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital is currently leading a multicenter, large-sample, prospective clinical trial (NCT02272894) in China, which is expected to provide higher level evidence for the clinical significance of lymph node dissection in No.14v.
Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology* ; Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology* ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Lymph Nodes/pathology* ; Lymph Node Excision ; Gastrectomy ; Multicenter Studies as Topic