Adrenoleukodystrophy ; genetics ; therapy ; Animals ; Color Vision Defects ; genetics ; therapy ; Dependovirus ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy ; ethics ; trends ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Leber Congenital Amaurosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Lentivirus

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the petroleum ether and ethyl-acetate soluble extract from the rhizome of Smilax scobinicaulis. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, MCI gel column chromatography, etc. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by physicochemical property and spectroscopic methods including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and MS spectra. Results: Thirteen compounds were identified as aloe-emodin (1), rubiadin-1-methylether (2), 1, 3, 6, 8-tetrahydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone (3), emodin (4), 8-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone (5), chrysophanol (6), floribundiquinone A (7), floribundiquinone C (8), 24-ethylcholest-4-ene-3, 6-dione (9), 3β-hydroxy-5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-diene (10), (22E, 24R)-24-methyl-5α-cholesta-7, 22-diene-3β, 5, 6β-triol (11), 6α-hydroxy-A-neo-germmacer-22(29)-en-30-oic (missourin) (12), and oleanolic acid (13). Conclusion: Compounds 1-13 are all isolated from this plant for the first time, Compounds 1-3 and 5-13 are isolated from the plants of genus Smilax L. for the first time.

Transcription factor is a key trans-acting factor to mediate stress response by regulating gene expression. Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to modulate development, stress response, signaling and disease resistance at transcription level. DNA binding with one finger (DOF), containing one C₂-C₂ zinc finger domain, is a special plant transcription factor. Specifically, the conserved domain at N-terminus of DOF has multiple functions, including interacting with DNA and protein, which could be involved in plant development and stress response. Although many DOF family genes are characterized in plant stress response, it is not clear if DOF genes have functions in cereal plants. In the present paper, the role of DOF family genes on cereal plants were discussed based on a comprehensive phylogenetic relationship analysis, expression profiles in different tissues and various environmental conditions. The results obtained here will provide an important reference for further understanding the mechanism of gramineous crops in stress resistance.
DNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; metabolism ; Plants ; genetics ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Zinc Fingers

Rutin-degrading enzymes (RDE) can degrade rutin into poorly water soluble compound, quercetin, and cause the bitter taste in tartary buckwheat. In the present study RDE from Yu 6-21 tartary buckwheat seeds was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B, ion exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-150. Purified RDE showed single band with molecular weight of 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of RDE were 5.0 and 50 ℃ respectively. The Km was 0.27 mmol/L, and the Vmax was 39.68 U/mg. The RDE activity could be inhibited by Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺ and EDTA, and showed tolerance to 50% methanol (V/V). The N terminal sequence (TVSRSSFPDGFLFGL) was obtained by Edman degradation method and 15 internal peptide sequences were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry). These results established the foundations for identification of the candidate gene of RDE via transcriptome data and further studying RDE biological function.

Skeletal muscle is one of the most important organs in animal, and the regulatory mechanism of skeletal muscle development is of great importance for the diagnosis of muscle-related diseases and the improvement of meat quality of livestock. The regulation of skeletal muscle development is a complex process, which is regulated by a large number of muscle secretory factors and signaling pathways. In addition, in order to maintain steady-state and maximum use of energy metabolism in the body, the body coordinates multiple tissues and organs to form the complex and sophisticated metabolic regulation network, which plays an important role for the regulation of skeletal muscle development. With the development of omics technologies, the underlying mechanism of tissue and organ communication has been deeply studied. This paper reviews the effects of crosstalk among adipose tissue, nerve tissue and intestinal tissue on skeletal muscle development, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis for targeted regulation of skeletal muscle development.
Animals ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism* ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction

SG600, SG900 and SG1100 were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Further treatments with increasing temperatures influenced and determined the crystallization degree of the material. Primary cultured osteoclasts were incubated for 4h and 48h on samples. Osteoclast actin labeling was examined by cytochemical staining. The concentrations of Ca and P in culture medium were quantified by colorimetric methods. SEM examined osteoclast morphology and resorption lacuna. Actin staining revealed on all three materials the typical adhesion contact ring. The Ca concentration in the culture medium of SG600 was significantly higher than that in control medium, SG900 and SG1100. Ca and P concentrations were always higher in culture media with the presence of osteoclasts. Morphological studies by scanning electron microsopy(SEM) showed a good adhesion behavior of osteoclasts on all three samples. Well-developed and deep resorption lacunae appearing after the osteoclastic resorption action were detected on all three samples. The synthetic bioglasses with different crystallizations caused different solubility, which seemed to have little effect on the osteoclast resorption behavior. The results of morphological studies on osteoclasts and resorption lacunae clearly demonstrate that the synthetic bioglasses are easily resorbed in vitro by osteoclasts.
Absorbable Implants ; Biocompatible Materials ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bone Substitutes ; Cells, Cultured ; Ceramics ; Crystallization ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Phase Transition

In order to investigate the enzyme production mechanism of yak rumen-derived anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. YF3 under the induction of different carbon sources, anaerobic culture tubes were used for in vitro fermentation. 8 g/L of glucose (Glu), filter paper (Flp) and avicel (Avi) were respectively added to 10 mL of basic culture medium as the sole carbon source. The activity of fiber-degrading enzyme and the concentration of volatile fatty acid in the fermentation liquid were detected, and the enzyme producing mechanism of Orpinomyces sp. YF3 was explored by transcriptomics. It was found that, in glucose-induced fermentation solution, the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, microcrystalline cellulase, filter paper enzyme, xylanase and the proportion of acetate were significantly increased (P < 0.05), the proportion of propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The results of transcriptome analysis showed that there were 5 949 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Glu group and the Flp group, 10 970 DEGs between the Glu group and the Avi group, and 6 057 DEGs between the Flp group and the Avi group. It was found that the DEGs associated with fiber degrading enzymes were significantly up-regulated in the Glu group. Gene ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis identified that DEGs were mainly associated with the xylan catabolic process, hemicellulose metabolic process, β-glucan metabolic process, cellulase activity, endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity, cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process, carbohydrate catabolic process, glucan catabolic process and carbohydrate metabolic process. Moreover, the differentially expressed pathways associated with fiber degrading enzymes enriched by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were mainly starch and sucrose metabolic pathways and other glycan degradation pathways. In conclusion, Orpinomyces sp. YF3 with glucose as carbon source substrate significantly increased the activity of cellulose degrading enzyme and the proportion of acetate, decreased the proportion of propionate, butyrate and isobutyrate. Furthermore, the degradation ability and energy utilization efficiency of fungus in the presence of glucose were improved by means of regulating the expression of cellulose degrading enzyme gene and participating in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, and other glycan degradation pathways, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of Orpinomyces sp. YF3 in practical production and facilitates the application of Orpinomyces sp. YF3 in the future.
Animals ; Cattle ; Neocallimastigales/metabolism* ; Anaerobiosis ; Rumen/microbiology* ; Propionates/metabolism* ; Isobutyrates/metabolism* ; Cellulose/metabolism* ; Fungi ; Starch/metabolism* ; Glucose/metabolism* ; Acetates ; Sucrose/metabolism* ; Cellulases ; Cellulase

Objective: To establish a mathematical model of the injection by dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV), the dose of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) and the duodenal myoelectric activity index of female rabbits was established to provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of action of hormones, cytokines and other vagal activity. Methods: In this experiment, we used microinjection technique to inject L-Glu to DMV by doses of 0 mol/L, 0.05 mol/L, 0.10 mol/L, 0.15 mol/L and 0.20 mol/L, monitoring the duodenal myoelectric activity of ovarian abducted rabbits, the number of samples per dose group was 5, and construct a mathematical model between the dose of L-Glu and the index of duodenal myoelectric activity. Results: After t-test analysis, the amplitude of myoelectric activity increased gradually between adjacent dose groups, and the difference was extremely significant (P < 0.01). The frequency was gradually strengthened, and the difference between 0 mol/L and 0.05 mol/L, 0.10 mol/L and 0.15 mol/L was significant (P < 0.05). The index of myoelectric activity increased gradually, and the difference between groups was extremely significant (P<0.01). With L-Glu concentration as the independent variable x, the duodenal myoelectric activity index was the dependent variable y, the constructor relationship was y= 13.71/1 + exp [-22.35 x (x-0.082)], function fitting accuracy was R =0.9948, P<0.01.belonging to growth type S logic function. Function analysis showed that the L-Glu dose of 0.082 mol/L was the inflection point of the logic function. As the dose range of L-Glu was 0 mol/L-0.082 mol/L, duodenal myoelectric activity index showed an exponential growth pattern, as the L-Glu dose was greater than 0.082 mol/L, the duodenal myoelectric activity index showed a logarithmic growth pattern with a theoretical limit of 13.71. Conclusion: L-Glu has a significant dose-effect relationship on the promotion of duodenal myoelectric activity in rabbits by DMV, and have the effect of interval, the mathematical model laid the theoretical foundation for further research on the role of hormones and cytokines on this basis.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the root tubers of Fagopyrum dibotrys. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by means of chromatographic techniques and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral features. Results: Fourteen known compounds were isolated from methanol extract in the dry roots of F. dibotrys and thier structures were identified as luteolin (1), tricin (2), luteolin-7,4'-dimethyl ether (3), quercetin (4), genkwanin (5), chrysoeriol (6), protocatechuic acid (7), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (8), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (9), glutinone (10), glutinol (11), olean-12-ene-3β, 7β, 15α, 28-tetraol (12), juglangenin A (13), and 21β-dihydroxy-olean-12-ene (14). Conclusion: Compounds 5 and 6 are firstly obtained from F. dibotrys. Compounds 12-14 are isolated from the plants of Fagopyrum Mill. for the first time.

Humans ; Osteogenesis ; Mesentery/surgery* ; Ossification, Heterotopic/surgery*