The objects of the refractive examination are to check the refractive state of the eyes and to correct the refractive errors with glasses. This paper is directed to the basic methods of subjective and objective refractive examination.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Refractive Errors

The authors analysed the interpupillary distance, the distance between optical centers and the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center in 297 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 297 glasses wearers, myopic glasses wearers accounted for 226 persons(76.09%), and hyperopic glasses wearers for 71 persons(23.91%). 2. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance between optical centers coincided with the interpupillary distance in 51 persons(17.17%), and was incongruous in 246 persons(82.83%). 3. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center was the same in both eyes in 152 persons(51.19%), and was incongruous in 145 persons(48.81%). 4. Among the 246 persons in whom the distance between optical centers of their glasses did not coincide with the interpupillary distance, the horizontal prismatic effects of both eyes overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 46 persons(18.70%), and the maximum horizontal prismatic effect of one eye was 5.85 prism diopters. 5. Among the 145 persons in whom the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center of their glasses did not coincide in both eyes, the vertical prismatic effects overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 48 persons(33.10%), and the maximum vertical prismatic effect was 2.47 prism diopters.
Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans

It is hard to advice for fitting contact lens in the case of monocular lens extraction in rural area because of exposure to dust laden air and elderly people in most cases. Questionares for comfortability, Side effects and the method of visual correction were obtained in 200 cases of cataract operation in rural area. Most of the advanced age group replyed that the unsatisfactory and difficulty for fitting contact lens, therefore it is desirable method to obtain good adaptation and binocualr vision with P-A (Phakic and Aphakic) spectacles by intensive training.
Aged ; Cataract* ; Dust ; Eyeglasses ; Humans

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate fusional status of 49 strabismic patients who showed orthophoria less than 10 prism diopters (PD) after surgery under alternate prism and cover test. We undertook the Worth 4-dot(W4D) test twice, reversing the position of the red/green glasses between the eyes for the second trial. Bagolini test was also performed in 31 of 49 cases. Nineteen of 49 case(18.4%) showed different results on the W4D test with red/green glasses after reversal at near or distance, either changing fusional status or changing laterality of suppression. Four of 31 cases (18.0%) showed different status of fusion or suppression between W4D and Bagolini tests. We think that it repeating test twice, with the red/green glass reversed between trials, and with combination of Bagolini test, provides better reliability of W4D test.
Artifacts* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Strabismus

New Korean near vision chart was designed by the author and presented. As for the test types, photographically reduced optotypes of the Korean Test Chart for distance, published in Sep. 1964, and sentences in Korean letters similar to the Jaeger's near vision test types were employed in this chart, and the units of vision ranged from 0.1 to 1.2. On the back of the chart, a Landolt's ring for O.1; test objects in Korean sentences, solid and dotted lines for determination of the near point distance of accommodation; astigmatic dial; figure showing the structure of the eyeball; table of the amplitude and near point distance of accommodation in different ages ranging from 10 to 70, and suitable diopters of the glasses for reading in presbyopia with normal refraction were printed. The author stressed the importance of vision test for Dear and necessity of the near vision chart.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Presbyopia ; Vision Tests

Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have received increasing attention, with the development of VR/AR devices such as head-mounted displays, haptic devices, and AR glasses. Medicine is considered to be one of the most effective applications of VR/AR. In this article, we describe a systematic literature review conducted to investigate the state-of-the-art VR/AR technology relevant to plastic surgery. The 35 studies that were ultimately selected were categorized into 3 representative topics: VR/AR-based preoperative planning, navigation, and training. In addition, future trends of VR/AR technology associated with plastic surgery and related fields are discussed.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Plastics* ; Surgery, Plastic*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical effects of orthokeratology lens wear on inhibition of the myopic progression and axial length elongation in Korean children with myopia. METHODS: The authors reviewed out-patient records of 37 eyes of 19 patients wearing orthokeratology lenses. The 46 eyes of 23 patients wearing spectacles were included into the control group. We evaluated the relationship between orthokeratology lens wear and control group according to age, initial myopia, initial astigmatism, axial length elongation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two groups as for age, initial myopia, astigmatism, spherical equivalent, and axial length at baseline (t-test, P > 0.05). Significant reduction of refraction was shown in patients with wearing lenses after 1 year (t-test, P < 0.001). The mean axial length before and after 1 year was 24.62 ± 1.39 mm and 24.73 ± 1.28 mm respectively after lens wearing, and 24.59 ± 0.74 mm and 24.80 ± 0.71 mm respectively after wearing glasses. The axial length elongation was 0.11 ± 0.12 mm, and 0.21 ± 0.07 mm in patients with wearing lenses and glasses, respectively, which showed statistically significant difference (t-test, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The orthokeratology lens was found to be effective in suppression of myopic progression through less axial length elongation, compared with the glasses.
Astigmatism ; Child ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Myopia* ; Outpatients

Many surgeons prefer to postpone surgery of intermittent exotropia after 4 years of age because small angle esotropia, amblyopia and sensory anomaly could be caused by early surgery. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the nonsurgical treatment is effective to delay surgery in intermittent exotropes less than 4 years of age. Short-time patching for 3-4 hours (patching) was performed in 39 children and compared to those with patching combined with overcorrecting minus glasses added by minus power between 1.00 and 2.75D (combined therapy) in 21 children. Before treatment, the average amount of exo-deviation in 60 patients was 29.4 prism diopters(PD) at distance and 23.4 PD at near at initial visit. The improvement of 6 PD or more in exodeviation was obtained in 32 patients(82.1 %) with the patching and 20 patients(95.2%) with the combined therapy. After treatment, the average amount of improved exo-deviation with the patching group was 7.9 PD at distance and 13.5 PD at near, while it was 8.9 PD at distance and 16.9 PD at near with the group that received the combined therapy. The improvement in exodeviation was greater at near than at distance, and greater in paitents treated with the combined therapy than in patients with the patching. In conclusions, surgery can be delayed effectively with the 3-4 hours patching and the small amount of overcorrecting minus glasses in young intermittent exotropes less than 4 years of age, in light of considerable reduction of exoangle and frequency of exodeviation.
Amblyopia ; Child* ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans

The authors analysed the interpupillary distance and the distance between optical centers in 200 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows; 1. Among the 200 glasses wearers, the cases of hospital prescriptions were 44 persons and the cases of optical shops prescriptions were 156 persons. 2. Hyperopic glasses wearers were 26 persons and myopic glasses wearers were 174 persons. 3. The distance between optical centers was coincided to the interpupillary distance in 26 persons and discrepant in 174 persons. 4. In 115 eyes the prismatic effects were more than 0.5 prism diopter, and maximal prismatic effect was 5.78 prism diopters. 5. The evaluation of the induced horizontal phoria showed that 119 persons had the induced esophoria and 55 persons had the induced exophoria. In 58 persons induced phoria were more than 1 prism diopter. Maximal induced esophoria was 11.55 prism diopters and maximal induced exophoria was 4.30 prism diopters.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans ; Prescriptions ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: To report the characteristics and therapeutic results of patients with delayed consecutive esotropia after undergoing surgery for exotropia. METHODS: Ten patients with delayed consecutive esotropia of more than 10 prism diopters (PD) after orthotropia was obtained postoperatively were included in this study. The authors investigated the clinical characteristics, the deviated angle at postoperative day one, the duration between surgery and orthotropia, the duration between surgery and delayed esotropia, the angle of esotropia, and the result of treatment in delayed consecutive esotropia. RESULTS: The average of the preoperative angle of exodeviation was 30PD at distance and 31PD at near. The patients underwent surgery for exotropia at a mean age of 5.3 years, and one day postoperatively, the angle of esodeviation was 12PD at distance and 10PD at near. All 10 patients demonstrated orthotropia at 0.9 months after surgery. However, esotropia of 21PD occurred 4 months after surgery for all patients. Six of the 10 patients demonstrated orthotropia or 10PD or less at the last visit after patching therapy or fitting for Fresnel prism glasses. The remaining four patients did not improve or showed aggravated esotropia with a doubled-angle of esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with orthotropia after exotropia surgery, delayed consecutive esotropia can occur, and the prognosis of non-surgical treatment is relatively poor.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Prognosis