Objective: This study correlated the patterns of ocular B- and A-scans of intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) with corresponding histopathology sections. It aimed to establish a more objective basis for determining intraocular retinoblastoma by ultrasonography (UTZ) and to determine the degree of malignancy and viability of the tumor cells. Methods: New cases of retinoblastoma seen at the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) from January 1994 to December 2003 were reviewed. Included were patients who underwent enucleation and whose eyeballs were processed at the UP Institute of Ophthalmology. Those with good quality ocular ultrasonographs (UTZ) and clear matching histopathologic sections were finally selected. Findings were correlated and analyzed.Results: Retinoblastoma (RB) showed multiplicity of lesions on UTZ corresponding to multiple lesions on histopathology. The following characteristic patterns were seen: Very malignant RB or pseudorosettes: fine, grainy densities on B-scan with short to medium broad spikes on A-scan ("V-W" pattern). Moderate differentiation with moderate necrosis and early calcific plaques: fine, dense grainy opacities on B-scan with multiple thin, high spikes admixed with tall, broad spikes of calcium deposits on A-scan. Well-differentiated RB with compact viable cells and no necrosis: large, white densities on B-scan with an initial high spike and high internal reflectivity, sometimes "plateauing," on A-scan with no calcific deposits. Complete tumor necrosis with calcific plaques: echolucent space with dense, white, plaque-like opacities on B-scan; flat or low spikes mixed with tall, broad spikes corresponding to calcium plaques on A-scan. Normal vitreous, serous subretinal fluid, or recent hemorrhage: echolucent area on B-scan with flat or low spikes on A-scan. Conclusion: The three most frequent findings in intraocular retinoblastoma were calcific plaques with liquefaction necrosis, multiplicity of lesions, and pseudorosettes. Ocular ultrasound of retinoblastoma showed good histopathologic correlation.
Human ; RETINOBLASTOMA ; ULTRASONOGRAPHY ; RETINAL NEOPLASMS ; RETINAL DISEASES ; EYE DISEASES ; PATHOLOGY

Eye Enucleation ; Humans ; Infant ; Retinal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Retinoblastoma ; surgery ; Vitrectomy

The risk of radiotherapy-related secondary cancers in children with constitutional retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) mutations has led to reduced use of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for RB. Presently, tumor reduction with chemotherapy with or without focal surgery (chemosurgery) is most commonly undertaken; EBRT is avoided as much as possible and is considered only as the last treatment option prior to enucleation. Nevertheless, approximately 80% of patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage, and only 20-25% of early stage RB patients can be cured with a chemosurgery strategy. As a whole, chemotherapy fails in more than two-thirds of eyes with advanced stage disease, requiring EBRT or enucleation. Radiotherapy is still considered necessary for patients with large tumor(s) who are not candidates for chemosurgery but who have visual potential. When radiation therapy is indicated, the lowest possible radiation dose combined with systemic or local chemotherapy and focal surgery may yield the best clinical outcomes in terms of local control and treatment-related toxicity. Proton beam therapy is one EBRT method that can be used for treatment of RB and reduces the radiation dose delivered to the adjacent orbital bone while maintaining an adequate dose to the tumor. To maximize the therapeutic success of treatment of advanced RB, the possibility of integrating radiotherapy at early stages of treatment may need to be discussed by a multidisciplinary team, rather than considering EBRT as only a last treatment option.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eye Neoplasms/genetics ; Genes, Retinoblastoma/genetics ; Humans ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Retinal Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; Retinoblastoma/genetics/*radiotherapy

A 56-year-old female patient presented with decreased visual acuity in her right eye lasting for one day. During the first visit, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/80 and 20/20, in the right and left eye, respectively. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed an elevated mass in the superior area of the optic disc and exudative retinal detachment in the macula. Choroidal metastatic tumor secondary to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was diagnosed after systemic work up. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the intravitreal bevacizumab injection for choroidal metastatic carcinoma were performed. After six months, the BCVA of the right eye was improved to 20/25. Complete regression of the tumor was noticed and serous detachment was resolved. There has been no recurrence for six months. We observed that combined treatment with PDT and intravitreal bevacizumab injection is effective in BCVA improvement and tumor regression, in a patient with choroidal metastasis of NSCLC.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Choroid ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Photochemotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retinal Detachment ; Triazenes ; Visual Acuity ; Bevacizumab

The authors reviewed their experiences of external beam radiotherapy (EBR) as an initial treatment in retinoblastoma patients to determine its long-term effect on subsequent tumor control and complications. A total of 32 eyes in 25 patients that underwent EBR for retinoblastoma were reviewed retrospectively. The patients consisted of 21 boys and 4 girls of median age at treatment of 7.1 months. Radiation doses ranged from 35 to 59.4 Gy. The 10-yr ocular and patient survivals were 75.4% and 92.3%, respectively. Nine of the 32 eyes progressed; 7 of these were enucleated and 2 were salvaged by focal treatment. According to the Reese-Ellsworth classification, 4 of 5 eyes of Group II, 13 of 16 Group III eyes, 2 of 4 Group IV eyes, and 5 of 7 Group V eyes were retained, and of the 32 eyes, 13 had visual acuity better than 20/200. Eleven patients experienced a radiation-induced complication. No patient developed a second malignancy during follow-up. Despite the limited number of patients enrolled, EBR may provide a mean of preserving eyeball and vision for some advanced lesions.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eye Enucleation ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Male ; Radiotherapy/*methods ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Retinal Neoplasms/*radiotherapy ; Retinoblastoma/*radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: The authors aimed to analyze the long-term effects of treatments, especially external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), in bilateral retinoblastoma patients. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 22 bilateral retinoblastoma patients who were registered between October, 1987 and October, 1998 and followed-up for more than 10 years. They were treated by enucleation, EBRT, and systemic chemotherapy. Age at diagnosis, sex, delay prior to treatment, Reese-Ellsworth (RE) classification, and the local treatment modalities were analyzed in relation to recurrence-free survival (RFS) and complications. RESULTS: Median age at diagnosis was 7.0 months (range 1.7-31.6 months). Leukocoria was the most common presenting feature. Two patients had a familial history. The RE classifications of the 44 eyes were group II in 4, III in 14, IV in 4, and V in 22. At the end of a median follow-up period of 141 months (range 55-218 months), 20 patients were alive. The 10-year ocular survival rate of the 44 eyes was 56.8+/-7.5%. The 10-year RFS and ocular survival rate of the 29 eyes treated by combined EBRT and chemotherapy were 75.9% and 86.2%, respectively. Treatment delay (>3 months) was found to be related to higher risk of recurrence. Complications after EBRT were cataract, retinal detachment, phthisis bulbi, and facial asymmetry. No patient developed a second malignancy during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Early detection and prompt treatment can increase ocular survival rates. In addition, careful attention should be paid to possible long-term sequelae in these patients.
Cataract ; Eye ; Facial Asymmetry ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Neoplasms, Second Primary ; Recurrence ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinoblastoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

Retinoblastoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood, usually presents in the first three years of life. Atypical presentation of retinoblastoma can masquerade as virtually any ocular or orbital pathology, which may lead to diagnostic dilemmas especially in the presence of other systemic diseases. We report a 20-month-old boy who was diagnosed with coronary aneurysm as a complication of Kawasaki disease, and presented with sudden left eye redness. His mother noticed the presence of white pupillary reflex three months earlier. Atypical acute ocular presentation secondary to Kawasaki disease was initially suspected, but the presence of multiple calcification and mild proptosis on imaging suggested characteristics of advanced retinoblastoma. Histopathological examination of the enucleated eye, which revealed a classical rosette pattern appearance, confirmed the diagnosis. Atypical presentations of retinoblastoma are usually associated with advanced disease. The presence of other systemic conditions further complicates the diagnosis. Early diagnosis is important to reduce the mortality and morbidity.
Coronary Aneurysm ; complications ; diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Eye ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Eye Diseases ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Retinal Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Retinoblastoma ; complications ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To report a case of choroidal metastasis of breast cancer that was treated with modified photodynamic therapy. CASE SUMMARY: A 45-year-old woman visited our clinic with blurred vision of the right eye, which began 1 month before. The patient previously suffered from a low back pain for 1 year. The best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed an elevated yellowish mass-like lesion at the superonasal area in the right eye. Ultrasonography of the right eye showed a highly echogenic choroidal mass with moderate to high internal reflectivity. Fluorescein angiography showed hypofluorescence during the prearterial and arteriovenous phase, and well circumscribed hyperfluorescence during the venous phase. Radiologic examination was performed upon suspicion of metastasis. The examination revealed breast cancer with lung, spine and ovary metastasis. Subsequently, biopsy of the breast mass revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma. Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with choroidal metastasis from breast carcinoma. The patient received systemic chemotherapy, and modified photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed on the metastatic choroidal mass. Six days after modified PDT, the mass size was unchanged, and serous retinal detachment developed at the macula and inferior retina. However, 22days after treatment, the mass size markedly decreased and the serous retinal detachment was improved.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Choroid ; Eye ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Low Back Pain ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovary ; Photochemotherapy ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Spine ; Triazenes ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To report a case of Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) experienced during pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification in a patient using tamsulosin, which is a selective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist. CASE SUMMARY: A 77-year-old male who had used tamsulosin for the previous month for prostate cancer visited our clinic with left visual disturbance, that had developed a week earlier. The best-corrected visual acuity of the left eye was 0.02 and both pupils showed incomplete mydriasis. Pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification with PCL implantation were performed on his left eye to correct a left cataract and retinal vein occlusion with vitreous hemorrhage. Phacoemulsification idenfied a billowing iris and progressive pupillary constriction. Therefore, we administered an intracameral epinephrine injection and applied an iris hook. The procedure was completed successfully without any complications. The best-corrected visual acuity of the left eye was good as at 0.9, and iris depigmentation and atrophy were checked two months postoperatively in the right eye, which had not had any previous surgical history. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed medical history taking is essential because IFIS may raise the risk of intraoperative complications, such as posterior capsule rupture, especially when the small pupil is small. Safe procedures must be planned with cessation of tamsulosin at least a week preoperatively.
Adrenergic Antagonists ; Aged ; Atrophy ; Cataract ; Constriction ; Epinephrine ; Eye ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Iris ; Male ; Medical History Taking ; Miosis ; Mydriasis ; Phacoemulsification ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Pupil ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Rupture ; Sulfonamides ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVETo study the pathological features of uveal melanoma and to evaluate their influence on patients' prognosis.

METHODSParaffin embedded uveal melanoma tissues of 115 cases were examined using routine pathologic methods. Three histological types were classified according to the modified Callender system and patients were followed clinically. The data were done regression and survival analysis by SPSS statistic soft.

RESULTSThe patient with epithelial cell type, mixed type, and spindle cell type uveal melanoma have different life times, the average life time is 35.6 +/- 21.5 months, 63.7 +/- 37.0 months, 69.5 +/- 36.5 months in turn, patients with epithelial uveal melanoma had shorter survival time than other two types. The survival time was negatively related to the largest diameter of contact area with the sclera, the largest height and the depth of tumor invasion to the sclera.

CONCLUSIONSEpithelial uveal melanoma is more malignant than the other two types. Histological classification of this tumor combined with other pathologic features can indicate the patient's prognosis.

Eye Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; Humans ; Melanoma ; mortality ; pathology ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Uveal Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology