Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder which cause is certain, and mechanism of PTSD has been studied actively for decades. The various kinds of therapy, based on the pathophysiology of PTSD, were applied and among them eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), therapy for sleep, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and psychopharmacotherapy that showed considerable effect for patients with PTSD would be introduced.
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements ; Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown that bilaterally alternating eye movements enhance episodic memory retrieval. This effect has been considered an important mechanism of the therapeutic effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment. We conducted this study in order to test the hypothesis that bilaterally alternating auditory stimuli would also have similar effects on episodic memory retrieval. METHODS: Thirty eight right-handed subjects participated in this study. Subjects learned words, and then received bilaterally alternating auditory stimuli (as experimental stimuli) or unilateral auditory stimuli (as control stimuli). Subsequently, they performed recognition memory task. Recognition accuracy, response bias, and mean response to hits were used for evaluation of episodic memory retrieval. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of experimental conditions in recognition accuracy, the response bias, and mean response time to hits. CONCLUSION: Unlike the previous positive results of bilaterally alternating eye movements, we did not observe an enhancing effect of bilaterally alternating auditory stimuli compared to unilateral auditory stimuli on episodic memory retrieval. This result suggests the possibility that the therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR might differ according to modalities of bilateral stimulation.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements ; Memory ; Memory, Episodic* ; Reaction Time

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment effect and predictors of response of affect regulation group therapy (ARGT) delivered to a group of recently traumatized children. METHODS: A total of 464 school children, who had witnessed or confronted a tragic accident at school, were given a single-session of affect regulation group therapy, that which included psychoeducation and affect regulation elements from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Of 213 children whose with initial score of Subject Unit of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) score over 4, we compared pre- and post-treatment scores and performed conducted the responder vs. non-responder comparison. The pPost-traumatic disorder (PTSD) symptom scores measured by using Child Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised (CRTES-R), demographic variables, and clinical variables were considered. RESULTS: Affect regulation group therapy was effective for children who had experienced an acute traumatic event (t=16.3, p<0.001). Baseline SUDS score of for non-responder were was significantly higher (t=-2.89, p<0.001) and CRTES-R score approached a level of significance level (t=-1.72, p=0.09). However, results of logistic regression analysis identified showed that the pretreatment SUDS score was the only significant predictor of non-response. CONCLUSION: Affect regulation group therapy appeared to be effective for children who had undergone experienced an acute traumatic event. And in addition, the survivors' subjective distress was more important to treatment response than severity of PTSD symptoms severity.
Child* ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Psychotherapy, Group* ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute

This article reviews existing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) literature concerning its effectiveness, theory, mechanism, and procedural aspects in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence from randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses indicates that EMDR is as effective as well established treatments such as exposure and cognitive behavior therapy. And moreover, EMDR may be more efficient in terms of unnecessary homework assignment and fewer treatment sessions. The current status of EMDR occupies one of legitimate and standard psychotherapeutic approaches in adult PTSD treatment. Mechanism for treatment efficacy is poorly understood at present and putative at most, however, there is a growing body of literature on neurobiological change after successful EMDR treatment.
Adult ; Cognitive Therapy ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Humans ; Psychotherapy ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVES: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an emerging psychotherapeutic technique for posttraumatic stress disorder and other conditions associated with psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this technique has been reported among North American and European populations; however, research on it's effectiveness among other ethnocultural groups is sparse. This is the first clinical study of EMDR in Korea with 30 Korean psychiatric patients in two clinical settings. METHODS: Diagnostically heterogeneous group of 30 psychiatric patients underwent a mean of 3.13 (95%CI=2.54-3.73) sessions of EMDR. The Clinical Global Impression-Change scale (CGI-C) was administered one week and six months after the termination of treatment. RESULTS: Participants had a mean CGI-C score of 1.80 (95%CI=1.44-2.16). We designated as 'responders' those who were 'very much improved' or 'much improved' on the CGI-C, 23 (77%) After six months, 19/23 (83%) still characterized as remaimed responders. All the patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and grief reaction were responders, and those with personality disorder nonresponders. Results for depressive and other disorders were mixed. CONCLUSION: Despite methodological limitations, results from this study suggest that the EMDR can be applied to Korean psychiatric patients.
Cultural Characteristics ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Grief ; Humans ; Korea ; Personality Disorders ; Phobic Disorders ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

This study examined the add-on efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy among adult civilians with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who continued to be symptomatic after more than 12 weeks of initial antidepressant treatment. Scores for the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were rated pre- and post-EMDR and at a 6-month follow-up. After an average of six sessions of EMDR treatment, seven of 14 patients (50%) showed more than a 30% decrease in CAPS score and eight (57%) no longer met the criteria for PTSD. Our results indicate that EMDR could be successfully added after failure of initial pharmacotherapy for PTSD.
Adult* ; Antidepressive Agents ; Drug Therapy* ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

OBJECTIVES: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. METHODS: This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. RESULTS: Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). CONCLUSION: These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depression ; Eye ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Muscles ; Outpatients ; Pilot Projects ; Psychotherapy ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the clinical characteristics and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings of firefighters suffering from partial posttraumatic stress disorder (partial PTSD). They were treated by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the treatment effect was evaluated. METHODS: A total of 116 firefighters were screened and 15 of them were diagnosed as partial PTSD. 1) We compared sociodemographic and psychological characteristics between the firefighter partial PTSD group and the firefighter control group. 2) Subjects in the firefighter partial PTSD group (n=10), firefighter control group (n=8), and general control group (n=12) underwent fMRI with traumatic, negative, positive, and neutral picture stimuli. We compared clinical characteristics and fMRI findings among these three groups. 3) Seven firefighters in the partial PTSD group were treated by EMDR and the treatment effect was evaluated according to psychological scales. RESULTS: In fMRI analysis, there was a left middle temporal/occipital activation in the order of the general control group, firefighter control group, than the firefighter partial PTSD group for the Traumatic-Baseline contrast. For the Negative-Baseline contrast, there was an increased left middle temporal/occipital activation in the general control group versus decreased activation in the firefighter control group and the firefighter partial PTSD group. All firefighters in the partial PTSD group treated by EMDR showed significant improvement of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores. CONCLUSION: These results show high incidence rate of partial PTSD in firefighters. In addition, partial PTSD firefighters exhibited distinct clinical characteristics and fMRI findings and showed significant improvement by EMDR treatment.
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Firefighters* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Occipital Lobe ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* ; Temporal Lobe ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on post-traumatic growth (PTG). METHODS: This study was conducted using a sample of ten survivors of a large-scale maritime disaster that occurred in the Yellow Sea, South Korea, in April 2014. A total of eight EMDR sessions were administered by a psychiatrist at two-week intervals over a period of five months, starting two or three months after the accident. Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were measured before treatment, after sessions 4 and 8, and at three months after treatment completion. RESULTS: After three months from treatment completion, significant increases were observed in PTG (PTGI: Z(8)=−2.380, p=0.017; SRGS: Z(8)=−2.380, p=0.017) and resilience (CD-RISC: Z(8)=−2.386, p=0.017). A decrease in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) level was also significant (CAPS: Z(8)=−2.176, p=0.030). The reduction of CAPS scores was correlated with increases of PTGI (rho=0.78, p=0.023) and SRGS (rho=0.79, p=0.020) scores. The changes in CAPS, PTGI, and SRGS scores between time point of end 8-session and three months follow-up was not significant (all p>0.05). Subjects with higher pre-treatment CD-RISC scores showed more significant improvements in PTGI (rho=0.88, p=0.004) and SRGS (rho=0.83, p=0.010) scores after treatment than did those with lower pre-treatment CD-RISC scores. CONCLUSION: EMDR therapy using standard protocol for trauma processing helped facilitating PTG in disaster survivors. To generalize these findings, further controlled studies comparing with other treatment modalities for PTSD are needed.
Disasters* ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Pilot Projects* ; Prospective Studies* ; Psychiatry ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Survivors* ; Therapeutic Uses

While cognitive behavior therapy is considered to be the first-line therapy for adolescent depression, there are limited data on whether other psychotherapeutic techniques are also effective in treating adolescents with depression. This report suggests the potential application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment of depressive disorder related, not to trauma, but to stressful life events. At present, EMDR has only been empirically validated for only trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Two teenagers with major depressive disorder (MDD) underwent three and seven sessions of EMDR aimed at memories of stressful life events. After treatment, their depressive symptoms decreased to the level of full remission, and the therapeutic gains were maintained after two and three months of follow up. The effectiveness of EMDR for depression is explained by the model of adaptive information processing. Given the powerful effects observed within a brief period of time, the authors suggest that further investigation of EMDR for depressive disorders is warranted.
Adolescent* ; Automatic Data Processing ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Psychotherapy ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic