PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify self-efficacy, disposition to critical thinking and level of nursing competency in new nurses and to exam the correlation among these variables. METHOD: The sample was composed of 286 new nurses who had worked at E hospital for 1 year. Descriptive and correlation analysis using the SPSS program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The mean score for self-efficacy was 67.10, disposition to critical thinking, 3.01 and nursing competency,3.02. There were significant differences in scores for 3 variables between nurses with College degrees and nurses with Baccalaureate degrees. There was a significant positive correlation between disposition to critical thinking and nursing competency scores. CONCLUSION: Further study of the various components that influence nursing competency is necessary. Also based on the disposition to critical thinking, there is a need to develop education programs to strengthen curiosity and other related variables. The results of this study confirmed the necessity of developing a clinical model of nursing competency ability.
Exploratory Behavior ; Statistics as Topic ; Thinking

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of present study is to identify the differences between temperament and character traits among adolescents classified by ego resilience and ego control level. METHODS: A Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was performed on participants, and a California Child Q-Test (CCQ) was tested for by the parents of the adolescent participants. RESULTS: The result of the factor analysis and discriminant analysis show that the participants are classified into three different groups based on CCQ score and item response patterns. The three groups are named the ego resilience group, the undercontrolled group, and the overcontrolled group. The ego resilience group indicates that they have a high level of interest and curiosity but yet they are not easily tempered. Moreover, they behave proactively with a reasonable level of responsibility in order to improve themselves. In contrast, among the undercontrolled group, it is observed that, although the group shows even higher level of interest, curiosity and honesty, they are careless, more impulsive, and have a lack of delayed gratification and shame. CONCLUSION: The overcontrolled group shows that they are the most cautious and reflective group among the three but also show emotional instability such as strong criticism and passive-aggressiveness. In this study, implications and limitations are discussed.
Adolescent ; California ; Child ; Ego ; Exploratory Behavior ; Humans ; Parents ; Temperament

The behavior of most animals is extremely complex. Despite accumulating knowledge about the mechanisms of neurons and nervous systems, which regulate these complex behaviors, we have little understanding about how these mechanisms function. In the present study, we analyzed the exploratory behavior of mice repeatedly exposed to a novel context and tracked the changes in the fluctuation patterns of the accumulated level of body movement suppression (BMS). As a result, we found that the fluctuation in BMS can be divided into two phases, which show a pattern of progressive transition from the initial state to the context-dependent and stable equilibrium state. In the former, transition phase, the level of BMS was easily affected by the number of exposures and mental status of mice. However, in the latter, equilibrium phase, the level of BMS was only dependent on the environmental stimuli involved in the context. On the basis of the results, we suggests here a model that explains the determination of complex behavior observed in higher animals by means of the probability of behavioral expression.
Animals ; Exploratory Behavior ; Mice ; Nervous System ; Neurons ; Track and Field

Carotid body tumor is uncommon and has been a source of fear and curiosity to the surgeon for many years. This puzzling tumor attaches itself so intimately to the carotid artery system that its routine removal is often associated with serious consequences. The justification for its extirpation has been debated vigorously. Recently, we have experienced a case of carotid body tumor and obtained good result after total removal. We report our case with a brief review of the articles.
Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Body Tumor* ; Carotid Body* ; Exploratory Behavior

BACKGROUND: It is getting more difficult to involve appropriate investigators in clinical trials. Knowing what investigators want from sponsor initiated clinical trials would help industry cooperate with investigators more efficiently. This study aims to describe the incentives for investigators choosing to participate or not and perform well in sponsored clinical trials. METHODS: Investigators who have participated in GSK sponsored clinical trials were interviewed face-to-face or through e-mail using the standardized questionnaire. Investigators were asked to choose five items and determine the ranking or those five items. RESULTS: Questionnaires answered by 122 investigators were collected. The top three incentives were "Academic merit" (108, 88.5 %), "Expectation of treatment potentially helpful to patient" (101, 82.8 %), and "Access to new treatments" (92, 75.4 %). The disincentives and the factors affecting an investigator's performance were analyzed separately because of the different questionnaire between investigators for medicine and vaccine. Investigators for medicine choose as disincentives "Insufficient time" (43, 61.4 %), "Difficult protocol" (41, 58.6 %), and "Adverse event concerns" (41, 58.6 %). Vaccine investigators pointed out "Limited support staff" (41, 78.8 %), "Insufficient time" (40, 76.9 %), and "Difficult blood sampling" (333, 63.5 %) as disincentives. Factors adversely affecting an investigator's performance showed similar results to those of disincentives. CONCLUSION: Investigators focused on academic curiosity and patients and insufficient time mostly inhibits them from participating and performing clinical trials. Our results would help industry cooperate with investigators more efficiently, finally making companies perform clinical trials more effectively.
Electronic Mail ; Exploratory Behavior ; Humans ; Motivation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel

Remineralization of acid-etched enamel across the time has been one of the curiosities in the context of the orthodontic biomechanics(Arends J. et al., IRL Press, 1, 1985), nevertheless, is so far controversial. It was the aim of this study to observe the remineralization patterns of acid-etched enamel across the time and whether the existence of fluoride might carry out any modifications. The intact buccal surfaces of the first bicuspids which was extracted for orthodontic treatment were ground smooth, and etched with a 38w/w% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, The surface was observed by the scanning electron microscope and surface microhardness was measured after immersion in the fluoride or non-fluoride containing remineralizing solution for 0 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. The following results and conclusions were drawn; 1. Surface microhardness increased in both fluoride containing and non-fluoride containing solution group with time lapse. 2. In fluoride containing solution group, the surface microhardness sharply increased at the 12 hours group, on the other hand, surface microhardness increased at 3 days in non-fluoride containing solution group. 3. The difference in microhardness value between two groups manifested gradual decrease. 4. Scanning electron microphotographs disclosed that the fluoride containing solution group generated spiculate sub?stances in the 12 hours group, which was increased in number and size with time lapse. 7 days later, spherical composure was began to be produced, The spiculate substances so much increased in number that the etched enamel surface looked like flat in 42 days. 5. In non fluoride-containing solution group, there was no surface change at 42 days, perceivable in scanning electron microphotographs which could be defined as remineralization though the surface was a little rougher than the incipient etched surface. These results demonstrate that the action of the fluoride is exceedingly pertinent in the remineralization of acid-etched enamel and the remineralization process goes uninterruptedly with time lapse.
Bicuspid ; Dental Enamel* ; Exploratory Behavior ; Fluorides ; Hand ; Immersion

Anatomy must be known not only by medical students but also by health science students. Furthermore, common people had better know anatomy because anatomy helps them keep their own health and dig up their own curiosity of body. It is desirable that common people learn morphology and function of the human body using easy, familiar, and interesting anatomy cartoon. But we could not find such a Korean anatomy cartoon, so that we tried to make anatomy cartoon for common people as follows. For anatomy cartoon, anatomist decided anatomy contents to write sentences. Based on the sententces, raw illustrations of anatomy cartoon were drawn on the paper with a pencil. Final illustrations of anatomy cartoon (931 cuts) were drawn on Adobe Illustrator of the personal computer. In addition, anatomy comic cartoon composed of four cuts (100 episodes) were drawn. Anatomy term explanations, anatomy photographs, and anatomy movies were created and hyperlinked with the anatomy cartoon, all of which were distributed through homepage (anatomy.co.kr), CD title, and book. The anatomy cartoon will be helpful not only to anatomy study of the common people and health science students but also to preliminary anatomy study of the medical students.
Anatomists ; Exploratory Behavior ; Human Body ; Humans ; Microcomputers ; Students, Medical

Most foreign bodies in the lower genitourinary tract are self-inserted via the urethra as the result of exotic impulses, psychometric problems, sexual curiosity, or sexual practice while intoxicated. Diagnosis of these foreign bodies can be done by clinical history, physical examination, and image studies of the patient. The treatment of foreign bodies is determined by their size, location, shape, and mobility. In most cases, minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic removal are recommended to prevent bladder and urethral injuries. In some cases, however, surgical treatment should be done if the foreign bodies cannot be removed by the endoscopic procedure or further injuries are expected as a result of the endoscopic procedures. Herein we present 2 cases of self-inserted lower genitourinary foreign bodies with a brief review of the literature.
Exploratory Behavior ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Psychometrics ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder

The occurence of multiple primary malignant tumor is cansidered infrequent and the primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenal bulb is a rare conditian. The autopsy incidence of duodenal adenocarcinoma is between 0.019 and 0.5%. The first documented case of duodenal carcinoma was described by Hamburger in 1746. Increased awareness of the condition, improvement in diagnostic technics and a more aggressive surgical approach have changed this disease from a postmortem curiosity to a condition that can be treated with satisfactory results. There are several reports on the high incidence of second additinoal cancer in patients with small intestinal cancer. Recently, we have experienced a case of primary duodenal bulb adenocarcinoma with early gastric cancer in a 68 year old male patient with complaints of epigastric pain, diarrhea and body weight loss. So we report the case of primary duodenal bulb adenocarcinoma combined with early gastric cancer with a brief review of literature.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged ; Autopsy ; Body Weight ; Diarrhea ; Exploratory Behavior ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intestinal Neoplasms ; Male ; Stomach Neoplasms*

Many examples of congenital anomalies of the pancreatobiliary ductal system are now being found due to the development of new diagnostic techniques. Recently, despite the improvement in diagnosis and management of pancreatobiliary lesions, a lack of knowledge and understanding of these variations is undoubtedly responsible for many problems in medical and surgical management. In particular, drainage of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct at sites other than the second portion of the duodenum is an anatomieal curiosity. We report two cases in this study, of anomalous termination of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct into the duodenal bulb, diagnosed by an ERCP and a gastroscopy.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct* ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Duodenum ; Exploratory Behavior ; Gastroscopy ; Pancreatic Ducts*