No abstract available.
Epidermolysis Bullosa* ; Exome* ; Humans

The recent advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has dramatically changed the nature of biomedical research. Human genetics is no exception-it has never been easier to interrogate human patient genomes at the nucleotide level to identify disease-associated variants. To further facilitate the efficiency of this approach, whole exome sequencing (WES) was first developed in 2009. Over the past three years, multiple groups have demonstrated the power of WES through robust disease-associated variant discoveries across a diverse spectrum of human diseases. Here, we review the application of WES to different types of inherited human diseases and discuss analytical challenges and possible solutions, with the aim of providing a practical guide for the effective use of this technology.
Exome ; Genetics, Medical ; Genome ; Humans

More than 7,000 rare Mendelian diseases have been reported, but less than half of all rare monogenic disorders has been discovered. In addition, the majority of mutations that are known to cause Mendelian disorders are located in protein-coding regions. Therefore, exome sequencing is an efficient strategy to selectively sequence the coding regions of the human genome to identify novel genes associated with rare genetic disorders. The "exome" represents all of the exons in the human genome, constituting about 1.5% of the human genome. Exome sequencing is carried out by targeted capture and intense parallel sequencing. After the first report of successful exome sequencing for the identification of causal genes and mutations in Freeman Sheldon syndrome, exome sequencing has become a standard approach to identify genes in rare Mendelian disorders. Exome sequencing is also used to search the causal genes and variants in complex diseases. The successful use of exome sequencing in Mendelian disorders and complex diseases will facilitate the development of personalized genomic medicine.
Clinical Coding ; Exome ; Exons ; Genome, Human ; Humans

Sequencing depth, which is directly related to the cost and time required for the generation, processing, and maintenance of next-generation sequencing data, is an important factor in the practical utilization of such data in clinical fields. Unfortunately, identifying an exome sequencing depth adequate for clinical use is a challenge that has not been addressed extensively. Here, we investigate the effect of exome sequencing depth on the discovery of sequence variants for clinical use. Toward this, we sequenced ten germ-line blood samples from breast cancer patients on the Illumina platform GAII(x) at a high depth of ~200x. We observed that most function-related diverse variants in the human exonic regions could be detected at a sequencing depth of 120x. Furthermore, investigation using a diagnostic gene set showed that the number of clinical variants identified using exome sequencing reached a plateau at an average sequencing depth of about 120x. Moreover, the phenomena were consistent across the breast cancer samples.
Breast Neoplasms ; Exome* ; Exons ; Genetic Variation ; Humans

Objective: To compare the efficiency of the target gene panel method and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in detecting idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and select a more suitable gene detection method. METHODS: We selected 24 genes closely related to the molecular pathogenesis of IHH to make up the gene panel, detected the mutation sites in 73 patients with IHH using the panel method, and verified the results of sequencing with the Sanger method. Using the key words "idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism", we searched databases for relevant literature, calculated the positive rate of IHH detected by WES and compared it with that detected with the panel method. RESULTS: Of the 73 cases of IHH detected with the panel method, 7 were found with pathogenic mutations, including 2 cases of FGFR1, 2 cases of CHD7, 2 cases of KISS1R, and 1 case of NR5A1 mutation. Sanger sequencing showed that the positive rate of the panel method was 9.7%. Of the 1 336 articles retrieved, 5 met the inclusion criteria and were included, in which WES revealed a positive rate of about 30%. CONCLUSIONS For detection of the diseases with clear mutated genes, the panel method is relatively inexpensive and has a high sequencing depth, while for detection of the diseases with complicated genetic patterns and unclear mutated genes, WES is more efficient. Further studies are needed for choice of the two methods for different purpose of detection./.
Humans ; Hypogonadism/genetics* ; Male ; Whole Exome Sequencing

Objective: To evaluate the Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) risk variants in the Pashtun ethnic population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using nascent whole-exome sequencing (WES) to better understand the pathogenesis of this complex polygenic disorder. Methodology: A total of 100 confirmed patients with T2D of Pashtun ethnicity were included in the study, DNA was extracted from whole blood samples, and paired-end libraries were prepared using the Illumina Nextera XT DNA library kit carefully following the manufacturer’s instructions. Illumina HiSeq 2000 was used to obtain sequences of the prepared libraries followed by bioinformatics data analysis. Results: A total of n=11 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were reported in the CAP10, PAX4, IRS-2, NEUROD1, CDKL1 and WFS1. Among the reported variants CAP10/rs55878652 (c.1990-7T>C; p.Leu446Pro) and CAP10/rs2975766 (c.1996A>G; p.Ile666Val) identified were novel, and have not yet been reported for any disease in the database. The variants CAP10/rs7607759 (c.1510A>G, p.Thr504Ala), PAX4/rs712701 (c.962A>C; p.His321Pro), PAX4/ rs772936097 (c.748-3delT; p.Arg325Trp), IRS-2/rs1805097 (c.3170G>A; p.Gly1057Asp), NEUROD1/rs1801262 (c.133A>G; p.Thr45Ala), CDKL1/rs77152992 (c.1226C>T; p.Pro409Leu), WFS1/rs1801212 (c.997G>A; p.Val333Ile), WFS1/rs1801208 (c.1367G>A; p.Arg456His), and WFS1/rs734312 (c.1832G>A; p.Arg611His) are previously identified in other ethnic populations. Our study reconfirms the associations of these variants with T2D in the Pakistani Pashtun population. Conclusion In-silico analysis of exome sequencing data suggests a statistically substantial association of all (n=11) identified variants with T2D in the Pashtun ethnic population. This study may serve as a foundation for performing future molecular studies aimed at unraveling T2D associated genes.
type 2 diabetes ; bioinformatics ; whole exome sequencing

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value and significance of the clinical application of whole exome sequencing (WES) in monogenic hereditary disorders in critically ill newborns. METHODS: The critically ill newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit with suspected hereditary diseases or unclear clinical diagnosis from June 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled. The whole blood samples from both newborns and parents were collected for WES. The detected genetic mutations were classified, the mutations associated with clinical phenotypes were searched for, and Sanger sequencing was performed to verify the mutations. RESULTS: A total of 45 newborns were enrolled, including 22 males and 23 females, and the median age of onset was 2.0 days. Of the 45 newborns, 12 (27%) were confirmed with monogenic hereditary disorders by molecular diagnostics, and the median age at diagnosis was 31.5 days. Of the 12 newborns with monogenic hereditary disorders, 5 (42%) were partially associated with clinical phenotypes but confirmed with monogenic hereditary disorders by additional information supplement and analysis. The improvement rate of newborns with monogenic hereditary disorders was 67% (8/12) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS WES technology is a powerful tool for finding genetic mutations in monogenic hereditary disorders in critically ill newborns and can play a crucial role in clinical decision-making. However, a comprehensive interpretation of sequence data requires physicians to take the clinical phenotypes and the results of WES into consideration simultaneously.
Critical Illness ; Exome ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Whole Exome Sequencing

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology of fetuses with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) by whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS: WES was performed on DNA extracted from cord blood samples of 26 fetuses with unexplained CAKUT with/without other structural anomalies. In the first 19 cases, sequencing was performed on fetal DNA only, and the turnaround time was 11-12 weeks. For the remaining 7 cases, the fetus and its parents were sequenced simultaneously, and the turnaround time was 8-9 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 26 cases, pathogenic variants were identified in 4 (15.4%) cases, which respectively involved UMOD, NEK8, HNF1B, and BBS2 genes, and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 2 (7.7%) cases, which respectively involved HSPD1 and GRIN2B genes. Two of the 4 cases had other anomalies in addition to CAKUT. Thus, the detection rate was only 2/19 (10.5%) for isolated CAKUT and 4/7 (57.1%) for CAKUT with additional anomalies. CONCLUSION The application of WES as a prenatal diagnostic approach for CAKUT fetuses with or without other anomalies allowed early and accurate diagnosis and improved their clinical management.
Exome ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; Pregnancy ; Urinary Tract ; pathology ; Urogenital Abnormalities ; genetics ; Whole Exome Sequencing

OBJECTIVE: To choose the disease-causing gene in a Chinese pedigree with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by whole-exome sequencing (WES), and provide theory basis for mechanism of disease. METHODS: Clinical data of AS pedigree were collected, including 2 males, the age were 48 and 18 years old, the course of disease were 23 and 4 years. Whole blood genomic DNA of AS was extracted to perform whole exome sequencing, the results were compared with human databases, common variations which had been reported were wiped out, then non synonymous single nucleotide variants(SNVs) from the family members were combined, and candidate genes was selected initially. RESULTS: Totally 80 G data was obtained from AS family with high quality.By comparing results between patient and normal subject, and filtering with number of biological database, the result showed heterozygous mutation of JAK2 gene 12 exon c.1709 A>G (p.Tyr570Cys) may be the potential disease-causing gene. The variant c.1151T>C of MUC3A gene may be one of the causes of intestinal symptoms in the family members. CONCLUSION It is feasible to find t candidate gene mutations of AS by Exon sequencing. The mutation c.1709 A>G in gene JAK2 identified by whole exome sequencing might be the pathogenic mutation in this AS pedigree.
Exome ; Humans ; Male ; Mucin-3 ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing ; Whole Exome Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) have enabled us to perform high-throughput mutation screening and genome-wide copy number analysis, respectively. These methods can be used for molecular diagnosis of pediatric endocrine disorders. NGS has determined the frequency and phenotypic variation of mutations in several disease-associated genes. Furthermore, whole exome analysis using NGS has successfully identified several novel causative genes for endocrine disorders. Array CGH is currently used as the standard procedure for molecular cytogenetic analysis. Array CGH can detect various submicroscopic genomic rearrangements involving exons or enhancers of disease-associated genes. This review introduces some examples of the use of NGS and array CGH for the molecular diagnosis of pediatric endocrine disorders.
Comparative Genomic Hybridization* ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Diagnosis* ; Exome ; Exons ; Mass Screening