Lesions with controlled monopolar coagulation were generated in the cerebral cortex of 20 healthy rabbits. With 28 watts monopolar coagulation, average diameter of histologically changed area around lesion was aout 7.5mm with using Evans blue dye technique. At same time, EEGs in three points, which were 5mm, 10mm & 15mm distant from the coagulated lesion site, were cheched before and just after coagulation. In results, the frequency of EEG was slightly decreased after coagulation, but there were no relation with distance from lesion. But the amplitudes of EEG were decreased as 51.2 micro v(61.2%), 42.9 micro v(3.9) and 34.0 micro v(25.3%) after coagulation, which depended on the distance from site of coagulation. That means electrophysiologically changed area after coaguation was far beyond the histologically changed area.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electroencephalography ; Evans Blue ; Rabbits

Lesions with controlled monopolar coagulation were generated in the cerebral cortex of 20 healthy rabbits. With 28 watts monopolar coagulation, average diameter of histologically changed area around lesion was aout 7.5mm with using Evans blue dye technique. At same time, EEGs in three points, which were 5mm, 10mm & 15mm distant from the coagulated lesion site, were cheched before and just after coagulation. In results, the frequency of EEG was slightly decreased after coagulation, but there were no relation with distance from lesion. But the amplitudes of EEG were decreased as 51.2 micro v(61.2%), 42.9 micro v(3.9) and 34.0 micro v(25.3%) after coagulation, which depended on the distance from site of coagulation. That means electrophysiologically changed area after coaguation was far beyond the histologically changed area.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electroencephalography ; Evans Blue ; Rabbits

The monopolar and bipolar coagulation lesions were generated in the spinal cord of rabbits. Microscopic study, and the distance from surface lesion center to its margin, the lesion depth, the extent of lesion in cross section, and the area of cross section through the lesion center of monopolar and bipolar electrocoagulation in generation of spinal cord lesion were studied by Evans blue and hematoxylin-eosin stain. The results were as follows : 1) Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by ground substance depigmentation, vacuolization and neuronal damage with pyknotic and angulated nuclei and loss of detail. In section stained with Evans blue, the lesion was demarcated with blue-green discoloration of the parenchyma and superficial necrosis was at coagulation sites. 2) The distance from surface lesion center to its margin was proportionally increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for monopolar and bipolar coagulation, while the distance was independent of the mode coagulation and stain. 3) The depth of lesion was proportionally increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for monopolar and bipolar coagulation, while the depth was also independent of the mode coagulation, but the depth of Evans blue stain was 2 times than H-E stain. 4) The extent of lesion in cross section was increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for both coagulation modes, while the extent was independent of the mode of coagulation and stain, too. 5) The area of cross section through the lesion center was gradually increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for both coagulation modes, while the area was independent of the mode of coagulation and stain.
Electrocoagulation* ; Evans Blue ; Necrosis ; Neurons ; Rabbits ; Spinal Cord*

The monopolar and bipolar coagulation lesions were generated in the cerebral cortex of rabbits. Microscopic study, and the distance from cortical lesion center to its margin, the lesion depth, the extent of lesion in coronal section, and the area of coronal section at electrocoagulation in generation of brain lesion were studied by Evans blue and hematoxylin-eosin stain. The results were as follows : 1) Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by ground substance depigmentation, vacuolization and neuronal damage with pyknotic nuclei and loss of detail. In section stained with Evans blue, the lesion was demarcated with blue-green discoloration of the parenchyma and superfical cortical necrosis was coagulation sites. 2) The distance from cortical lesion center to its margin was proportionally increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for monopolar and bipolar coagulation, while the distance was independent of the mode coagulation and stain. 3) The depth of lesion was proportionally increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for monopolar and bipolar coagulation, while the distance was independent of the mode coagulation and stain. 4) The extent of lesion in coronal section was increased the increase of magnitude of electric current for both coagulation modes, while the extent was independent of the mode of coagulation and stain, too. 5) The area of coronal section at cortical lesion center was gradually increased as the increase of magnitude of electric current for both coagulation modes, while the area of Evans blue stain was 2 times as H-E stain in monopolar mode and the area of Evans blue stain was 1.3 times as H-E stain in bipolar mode.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electrocoagulation* ; Evans Blue ; Necrosis ; Neurons ; Rabbits

No abstract available.
Animals ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Evans Blue* ; Female ; Humans* ; Methylene Blue* ; Mice* ; Pregnancy ; Sperm Motility* ; Spermatozoa*

In an attempt to investigate the role of endogenous opiate in the changes of regional cerebral flow(rCBF) in intracerrebral hematoma(ICH), an experimental model of ICH was induced in the cat. Forty adult cats were divided into four groups, saline-treated normal control group(10 cats), saline-treated ICH group(10 cats) and naloxone-treated ICH group(10 cats) respectively. The ICH was induced in the right frontal region stereotactically with the autogenous arterial blood(1.5ml). The rCBF measurements done by hydrogen clearance method were carried out in each cat immediately, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, 80 min, 100 min, 120 min, 140 min, and 160 min following ICH induction, and naloxone(10 mg/kg) was intravenously administered immediately, 60 min and 120 min after ICH induction. ICH induction resulted in increases of mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) and intracranial pressure(ICP) and decrease of rCBF of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Naloxone did not modify the pattern of MABP and ICP changes, however it transiently increased rCBF, every time the drug was administered in naloxone-treated control group and from 60 min following ICH induction in naloxone-treated ICH group. The animals were sacrificed 180 min after ICH induction and the brains were sliced and prepared with Evans Blue, which revealed no significant mass effect, midline shift or perifocal brain edema. It is concluded that the decrease of rCBF in ICH could be influenced by endogenous opiates and naloxone could improve decreased rCBF in ICH without increase of MABP or decrease of ICP.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Brain Edema ; Cats* ; Evans Blue ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Hydrogen ; Models, Theoretical ; Naloxone* ; Opioid Peptides

The authors compared the changes of morphology, blood brain barrier alteration, pathology, arterial blood lactate content and cerebrospinal fluid lactate content between an intermittent brain retraction group and a continuous brain retraction group in 56 mongrel cats. The results were as follows ; 1) Microscopically, hemorrhages were punctate in 15 cases among 25 cases in the intermittent retraction group. However, there were multiple or large hemorrhages in 13 cases among the 25 cases in the continuous brain retraction group. 2) All cases of the intermittent retraction group showed 0~25% Evans blue staining of the coronal section crossing the retraction site. However, 8 cases among the 25 cases of the continuous retraction group showed 51~75% Evans blue staining and 4 cases of this group showed 76~100% staining. 3) With photomicroscopy, the authors noted small hemorrhage and cellular swelling in the intermittent retraction group instead of pyknosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, vacuolation in the continuous retraction group. 4) The change of arterial blood lactate content was from 1.22+/-0.24mmol/L at preretraction time to 1.42+/-0.26mmol/L at 90 minutes after release of retractor in the intermittent retraction group(p<0.01). In the continuous retraction group, the authors noted a change in the lactate content from 1.20+/-0.38mmol/L to 3.15+/-0.97mmol/L for the same time as above(p<0.001). 5) The change of CSF lactate content in the intermittent retraction group was from 1.39+/-0.29mmol/L at preretraction time to 1.43+/-0.23mmol/L at 90 minutes after release of retractor(p>0.05). In the continuous retraction group, this author noted change in the lactate content from 1.37+/-0.28mmol/L to 2.11+/-0.52mmol/L for the same time as described above(p<0.01). From the above results, the superiority of the intermittent brain retraction was demonstrated as compared with the continuous brain retraction. Also the possible utilization of this experimental method was discussed for other wxperimental studies on ischemia.
Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain* ; Cats* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Evans Blue ; Hemorrhage ; Ischemia ; Lactic Acid ; Necrosis ; Pathology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidemiologic and clinical trials have suggested that ozone exposure increase airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory response to allergen challenge in allergic asthmatics. But the effect of ozone exposure on the allergic rhinitis is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ozone increases the nasal inflammatory response to allergen challenge in experimentally induced allergic rhinitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into four groups : (A) NSS (normal saline) group, (B) group challenged by allergen (ovalbumin), (C) group exposed to ozone, and (D) group exposed to ozone followed by allergen (ovalbumin) challenge. To induce the allergic rhinitis in group B and D, rats was immunized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin, followed by intranasal nebulization of ovalbumin. In group C and D, rats were exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone for 3 days (6 hr/day). We recorded the symptoms (snort and scratching) for 5 min after the last nebulization. We also examined the infiltration of inflammatory cells, morphological changes of nasal mucosa, and Evans blue extravasation in septal rnucosa. RESULTS: Infiltration of neutrophils in nasal mucosa was significantly increased in group D compared with group B (p <0.05). Morphological changes such as loss of cilia and epithelial hyperplasia were more pronounced in group D than in group B (p <0.05). Evans blue extravasation was significantly higher in group D than in group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results may suggest that ozone enhances the inflammatory responses to allergens in allergic rhinitis patients.
Allergens ; Animals ; Cilia ; Evans Blue ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Nasal Mucosa ; Neutrophils ; Ovalbumin ; Ozone* ; Permeability ; Rats* ; Rhinitis*

It has been suggested that the role of neurogenic inflammation is to protect the airway from various noxious irritants in inhaled air. Repeated exposure to various irritating stimuli has become very common in daily life. However, the process that occurs in neurogenic inflammation after repeated exposure to irritating stimuli is not yet clearly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of microvascular leakage in the airways after re-exposure to capsaicin in an experiment using a rat model challenged/rechallenged with capsaicin. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups : a capsaicin-challenged group (10 microgram/kg of capsaicin, intravenous, n=6) and three capsaicin-rechallenged groups (10 microgram/kg of capsaicin, intravenous, n=6 in each group) corresponding to time intervals of 1, 3, or 6 hours after capsaicin-challenge. The amount of microvascular leakage in the nasal mucosa and trachea of the animal in each group was measured with extravasation of Evans blue dye (30 mg/kg, intravenous) using a spectrophotometer. In the nasal mucosa, a significant enhancement of microvascular leakage with capsaicin-rechallenge was observed at 3 hours after capsaicin-challenge (AVOVAR, * : p<0.01). However, there was no significant changes in the trachea. In conclusion, the protective mechanisms against repeated irritating stimuli in the nasal mucosa and trachea are different. After exposure to a noxious irritant, the airway defense mechanism mediated by an axon reflex in the nose may be up- regulated, while that in the trachea may not be changed.
Animals ; Axons ; Capsaicin* ; Evans Blue ; Irritants ; Models, Animal* ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Neurogenic Inflammation ; Nose ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reflex ; Trachea

OBJECTIVE: Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is known to have potent anti-vascular activity and significantly suppress solid tumor growth. The present study was conducted to investigate the vascular shutdown effects of a novel arsenic compound, tetraasrsenic oxide (As4O6), in comparison with As2O3 using cervical cancer animal model. METHODS: Mice tumor challenge model was used C57BL/6 mice transplanted with TC-1 cells. After the growth of tumors was reached up 200~250 mm3, mice were divided into 3 groups randomly for control and treatment of either As2O3 or As4O6. As2O3 and As4O6 was treated by i.p. injection. The tumor size was caliperated in twice for weeks and anti-vascular effect were assessed by Evans blue extraction assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. In tumor tissue, histopathological feaure was obserevd by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS: In mice treated with either As2O3 and As4O6 (i.p.), both of As2O3 and As4O6 was significantly suppressed the tumor growth compared with control group. Moreover, effect of As4O6 is more pronounced. These tumor growth inhibition is led to the massive necrosis and vacular shutdown in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that As4O6 may have potential anticancer activity via vascular shutdown in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with TC-1 cells.
Animals ; Arsenic ; Arsenicals ; Benzimidazoles ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Evans Blue ; Hematoxylin ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Necrosis ; Oxides ; Transplants ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms