PURPOSE: In this study self-efficacy, emotional labor, pediatric nurse-parent partnership and job stress of pediatric nurses were examined. Factors affecting job stress of pediatric nurses were also investigated. METHODS: The study was done between June and September 2014, with a convenience sample of 145 nurses from 3 advanced general hospitals, 5 general hospitals and 2 children's hospitals. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: Average levels of self-efficacy, emotional labor and job stress were similar to other general nurses and the average level of pediatric nurse-parent partnership was also similar to other pediatric nurses. Job stress of pediatric nurses showed a positive correlation with emotional labor and negative correlations with self-efficacy and pediatric nurse-parent partnership. The most significant factor affecting job stress in pediatric nurses was emotional labor (beta=0.372, p<.001). The combination of emotional labor, pediatric nurse-parent partnership and self-efficacy accounted for 25.4% of job stress in pediatric nurses. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that nursing management strategies to decrease emotional labor and improve pediatric nurse-parent partnerships and self-efficacy are critical to decrease job stress for pediatric nurses. Continued development of nursing management interventions to decrease job stress in pediatric nurses is suggested.
Child ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Nursing ; Parents ; Professional-Family Relations

Background: Some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients initially present with early oxygen demand, requiring more medical resources, and some develop severe conditions, while others worsen later in their clinical course. Whether the nature of the two groups is the same but in the spectrum of different diagnostic time points is not certain. Methods: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients who needed oxygen therapy from February to November 2020 were included in the study. The patients were divided into early and late groups based on the time when the oxygen requirement occurred. Basic and epidemiologic characteristics were compared. Clinical variables were analyzed in both groups. Results: A total of 164 patients needed oxygen therapy, 94 of whom were in the early group and 70 of whom were in the late group. The early and late groups had similar baseline characteristics except age (median age, 73 vs. 67 years), uncertain exposure history (50% vs. 31.4%) and the time from the onset of illness to admission (median, 5 vs. 2 days).Multivariate analysis showed that age > 65 years (OR, 4.65), symptom onset > 5 days (OR, 9.13) and several clinical manifestations, such as febrile sensation (OR, 6.01), dyspnea (OR, 30.0), C-reactive protein > 1 mg/dL (OR, 7.87) and chest X-ray abnormality (OR, 8.15), were predictive factors in the early group. The early group required more intensive care such as mechanical ventilation care, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and death (29.8% vs.14.3%, P = 0.002). Conclusion Older age, especially > 65 years, and a delay of over 5 days from the onset of illness to admission were associated with early oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients.Interventions for earlier diagnosis of elderly people may benefit clinical outcomes.

Background: Some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients initially present with early oxygen demand, requiring more medical resources, and some develop severe conditions, while others worsen later in their clinical course. Whether the nature of the two groups is the same but in the spectrum of different diagnostic time points is not certain. Methods: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients who needed oxygen therapy from February to November 2020 were included in the study. The patients were divided into early and late groups based on the time when the oxygen requirement occurred. Basic and epidemiologic characteristics were compared. Clinical variables were analyzed in both groups. Results: A total of 164 patients needed oxygen therapy, 94 of whom were in the early group and 70 of whom were in the late group. The early and late groups had similar baseline characteristics except age (median age, 73 vs. 67 years), uncertain exposure history (50% vs. 31.4%) and the time from the onset of illness to admission (median, 5 vs. 2 days).Multivariate analysis showed that age > 65 years (OR, 4.65), symptom onset > 5 days (OR, 9.13) and several clinical manifestations, such as febrile sensation (OR, 6.01), dyspnea (OR, 30.0), C-reactive protein > 1 mg/dL (OR, 7.87) and chest X-ray abnormality (OR, 8.15), were predictive factors in the early group. The early group required more intensive care such as mechanical ventilation care, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and death (29.8% vs.14.3%, P = 0.002). Conclusion Older age, especially > 65 years, and a delay of over 5 days from the onset of illness to admission were associated with early oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients.Interventions for earlier diagnosis of elderly people may benefit clinical outcomes.

The limited literature on mental illness in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients suggests that this disease is common and burdensome but underrecognized in clinical practice. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of mental illness in ESKD patients. Methods: We assessed the prevalence and patterns of mental illnesses in a nationwide cohort of patients diagnosed with ESKD between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017. The risk of mental illness was evaluated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results: A total of 70,079 patients met all study inclusion criteria. A total of 28.3% of patients had mental illness, and the specific distribution was as follows: depression, 16.8%; anxiety, 20.0%; somatoform/conversion disorder, 0.9%; stress reaction/adjustment disorder, 2.5%; and substance abuse disorder, 0.6%. The frequency of mental illness was highest in patients on hemodialysis (HD), followed by patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and kidney transplant (KT) patients. The peak rate of mental illness in HD and PD patients was reached 1 to 2 years after renal replacement therapy initiation, but the peak rate of most mental illnesses in KT patients occurred before surgery. The prevalence of depression was 2.19 times higher in HD patients and 1.97 times higher in PD patients than in KT patients. Conclusion: ESKD patients are at high risk of mental illness, and the prevalence of mental illness is highest in HD patients. Since the onset of mental illness occurs around the initiation of renal replacement therapy, clinicians need to pay attention to mental illness when treating ESKD patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify role ambiguity of comprehensive nursing care unit nurses. METHODS: A concept analysis method by Walker and Avant was used to understand role ambiguity of comprehensive nursing care unit nurses. RESULTS: The antecedents of role ambiguity of nurses at comprehensive nursing units were shortage of nurses, unclear admission criteria, and demands for customized nursing care according to severity. Attributes include ambiguity in role delegation, patient placement ambiguity, and professional ambiguity among nursing staff. The consequences were diminished job satisfaction due to excessive workload, difficulty in resolving role ambiguity due to the lack of work analysis studies, and poor outcome of nursing indicators. CONCLUSION Improvement of nationwide awareness for comprehensive nursing care unit is required. Clear division at scope of practice for nursing staff in accordance of each medical institution's characteristics is essential. Nurses at comprehensive nursing care unit should understand nature of role ambiguity that occurs as they work in large groups. Nurses should promote communications between nursing staff and they must have volition to improve status quo. An additional research of comprehensive nursing care on the causes of role ambiguity in the practice of nursing care for ward nurses is needed, and management measures should be sought at the organizational level.

Purpose: Food allergies in children are known to impact the quality of life for growing children as well as their parents. This study investigates the status of food allergy and its management among preschoolers, and evaluates the effect on parental burden. Methods: In May 2019, five kindergartens and daycare centers in Jeju area were randomly selected, and parents (n = 638) who had preschoolers younger than 6-year-old were surveyed using a questionnaire. A total of 387 participants were included in the final data analysis. Results: The percentage of children (aged 3 to 6 years old) who experienced food allergies was 16.8%; 44.6% had been diagnosed as having a food allergy by doctors. Food allergies were first experienced in more than two-thirds of the subjects when they were less than a year old. Egg and milk were the most frequent allergenic foods with some skin related symptoms. A mere 15.4% children suffering from food allergies were offered substitutes for their allergenic foods. Lastly, as compared to other parents, the parents of children who experienced food allergies had not only higher nutritional knowledge, but also heavier parental burden including emotional distress. Regardless of their nutritional knowledge, parents of children with food allergy expressed their willingness to attend nutrition education classes, if available in future. Conclusion For prevention of food allergies and proper nourishment of children with food allergies, there is a necessity to provide customized-nutritional education for the affected parents to help alleviate their parental burden, especially for reducing emotional distress.

BACKGROUND: In Korea, the law reguires submission of immunization certificate to elementary school on admission since 2001 in order to prevent measles outbreaks such as those that occurred in the year 2000 and 2001. As a result, the submission rate of immunization certificate has been almost 99%. To that effect it seems to have been a very successful policy. But the validity and accuracy of such certificates have not been guestioned. This study aimed to assess the validity of the measles immunization certificates and general practitioners' perception of the law to submit immunization certificate. METHODS: A postal survey was conducted from April to May 2005 among general practitioners who were pediatricians and family physicians. The main questions were the method to confirm childrens' past vaccination and the proportion of doing booster vaccination, and also their opinions on governments' policy to extend the submission of immunization certificate on school admission. RESULTS: The total study subjects were 840. The proportion of issued immunization certificates based on exact vaccination records or booster vaccination was 98.7%. The opinions concerning the law to submit immunization certificates were: very necessary (88.8%), and should include all children basic immunization (62.8%). On the other hand, the most common reason against the law was that they did not feel the necessity (31.4%). CONCLUSION: The validity of immunization certificates was very high. The opinions concerning the law to submit immunization certificates were favorable in most subjects. And mutual understanding between the general practitioners and the government is in demand before the law to submit immunization certificates becomes effect.
Child ; Disease Outbreaks ; General Practitioners* ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunization* ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Physicians, Family ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: Several studies have reported that laparoscopic cholecystectomy with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is associated with a reduced duration of surgery and a lower rate of conversion to open laparotomy compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy without PTGBD and delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy after conservative therapy. However, these results are contradictory. This retrospective study investigated the safety and usefulness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with pre-operative PTGBD in patients with acute cholecystitis. METHODS: The clinicopathologic data and surgical outcomes of 101 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2010 and September 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Patients in the PTGBD group vs. the non-PTGBD group were significantly older (mean age: 65.47±12.2 vs. 56.32±13.7; p=0.001). Underlying diseases were also significantly more common in the PTGBD group (75.4% vs. 45.5%; p=0.002). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of operative time, blood loss, rate of open conversion, postoperative oral intake, and postoperative hospital stay. Total hospital day was significantly longer in the PTGBD group (11.14±7.22 vs. 6.23±5.17; p=0.049). There was no significant difference in the postoperative complications between the two groups, and all patients in this study lived. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that satisfactory results can be achieved with selective preoperative PTGBD in older and sicker patients with acute cholecystitis.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Cholecystitis, Acute* ; Drainage* ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Length of Stay ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is often accompanied by Parkinson's disease (PD) and may predict the development of mild cognitive impairment or dementia, longitudinal brain perfusion changes in PD patients with SCI remain to be elucidated. The current prospective study examined cerebral perfusion changes in PD patients with SCI using technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Among 53 PD patients at baseline, 30 patients were classified into the PD with SCI group and 23 patients were assigned to the PD without SCI group. The mean follow-up interval was 2.3±0.9 years. The Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, and Global Deterioration Scale were used to assess impairments in cognitive function. Brain SPECT images were acquired at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Significant differences between the two groups were not found for demographic variables, PD severity, or cognitive function at either baseline or follow-up. At baseline, the PD with SCI group showed decreased perfusion in the left angular gyrus compared to the PD without SCI group. Longitudinal analysis revealed widespread perfusion reductions primarily in the bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital areas and cerebellum in the PD with SCI group. Relative to the PD without SCI group, an excessive decrease of perfusion was found in the left middle frontal gyrus of the PD with SCI patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that perfusion deficits in the middle frontal area may play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCI in PD.
Brain ; Cerebellum ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders* ; Dementia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mild Cognitive Impairment ; Parietal Lobe ; Parkinson Disease* ; Perfusion* ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

PURPOSE: The smoking rates among teenagers in Korea grow gradually since 1980s despite of the numerous programs for youth smoking prevention and cessation have been developed and implemented. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the processes of habituating to smoking among teenagers using the grounded theory methodology. METHOD: Qualitative data was collected via six focus group interviews. A total of 38 people, twelve teachers and 24 middle school students participated in this study. All focus group interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The overriding theme of the elicited grounded theory was "stepping into a quagmire by a merest chance". The student participants began smoking by a simple chance. The contingent factors to starting smoking were "discord within the family", "family member's smoking", "schoolwork stresses", or "a rebellious spirit". The conditions of smoking included accessibility, going around in group, and the lack of discipline. "Stigmatizing", "involved in mob violence", and "making a poor academic record" coexisted as the covariance of the smoking habituation. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study illustrated the comprehensive and insightful picture of the phenomena under investigation. Nursing implications and further directions for research were discussed.
Adolescent* ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products