PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationships between particulate matter risk perception, knowledge, and perceived barriers and health-promoting behaviors among college students. METHODS: Data for this cross-sectional study were collected from September 1 to 30, 2017. The study sample consisted of 85 students from a university, Seoul. Students not living in the Seoul metropolitan area during the spring 2017 semester were excluded from participation. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to identify relationships among study variables. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation existed between particulate matter risk perception and health-promoting behaviors related to particulate matter (r=.51, p < .001). Among the risk perception subdomains, attention (r=.47, p < .001) and health effect (r=.55, p < .001) showed strong positive relationships with health-promoting behaviors. No significant relationships were found between knowledge (r=.12, p=.288) or perceived barriers (r=−.12, p=.264) and health-promoting behaviors related to particulate matter. CONCLUSION: Based on the study results, strategies for enhancing particulate matter risk perception are needed to increase the level of health-promoting behaviors related to particulate matter among college students.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Particulate Matter ; Seoul

Background: Despite their effectiveness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been associated with adverse effects, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance to ensure vaccine safety and effective management of public health. Herein, the characteristics and risk factors of vaccine-related adverse events (AEs) were identified to gain an in-depth understanding of vaccine safety by investigating the impact of the vaccination dose on changes in post-vaccination AEs. Methods: Herein, a linked database of COVID-19 vaccination records from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, AE reports from the COVID-19 Vaccination Management System, and healthcare claims from the National Health Insurance Service, targeting ≥ 5-year-old individuals, was utilized (study duration = February 26, 2021, to January 31, 2023).The frequency and severity of reported post-vaccination AEs were evaluated. Furthermore, we specifically explored AEs in relation to the cumulative dosage of vaccines administered while evaluating associated risk factors. Results: During the observation period, 42,804,523 individuals completed the COVID-19 vaccination series, with 365,900 reporting AEs, with headache, muscle pain, and fever being the most frequently reported. Notably, the AE reports were approximately twice as high for women than for men, which was further exacerbated following both doses. Analysis by age group revealed that AE reports were lower among children, adolescents, and older adults than in the middleaged cohort (age = 50–64 years), with higher reports observed for 18–49-year-old individuals.Additionally, a higher risk of reporting was identified among individuals with lower socioeconomic status compared with those of middle socioeconomic status. Excluding dementia, the risk of reporting AEs was high in individuals with underlying diseases compared with those without, for instance, the risk of reporting AEs following two-dose vaccinations was approximately twice as high in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Conclusion These findings indicate that women, younger people, those with a lower socioeconomic status, and those with underlying health conditions reported a higher incidence of AEs following COVID-19 vaccinations. This emphasizes the need for continued monitoring to ensure safe vaccination and address vaccine-related anxiety and fear, especially within the aforementioned groups.

Background: Despite their effectiveness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been associated with adverse effects, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance to ensure vaccine safety and effective management of public health. Herein, the characteristics and risk factors of vaccine-related adverse events (AEs) were identified to gain an in-depth understanding of vaccine safety by investigating the impact of the vaccination dose on changes in post-vaccination AEs. Methods: Herein, a linked database of COVID-19 vaccination records from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, AE reports from the COVID-19 Vaccination Management System, and healthcare claims from the National Health Insurance Service, targeting ≥ 5-year-old individuals, was utilized (study duration = February 26, 2021, to January 31, 2023).The frequency and severity of reported post-vaccination AEs were evaluated. Furthermore, we specifically explored AEs in relation to the cumulative dosage of vaccines administered while evaluating associated risk factors. Results: During the observation period, 42,804,523 individuals completed the COVID-19 vaccination series, with 365,900 reporting AEs, with headache, muscle pain, and fever being the most frequently reported. Notably, the AE reports were approximately twice as high for women than for men, which was further exacerbated following both doses. Analysis by age group revealed that AE reports were lower among children, adolescents, and older adults than in the middleaged cohort (age = 50–64 years), with higher reports observed for 18–49-year-old individuals.Additionally, a higher risk of reporting was identified among individuals with lower socioeconomic status compared with those of middle socioeconomic status. Excluding dementia, the risk of reporting AEs was high in individuals with underlying diseases compared with those without, for instance, the risk of reporting AEs following two-dose vaccinations was approximately twice as high in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Conclusion These findings indicate that women, younger people, those with a lower socioeconomic status, and those with underlying health conditions reported a higher incidence of AEs following COVID-19 vaccinations. This emphasizes the need for continued monitoring to ensure safe vaccination and address vaccine-related anxiety and fear, especially within the aforementioned groups.

Background: Despite their effectiveness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been associated with adverse effects, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance to ensure vaccine safety and effective management of public health. Herein, the characteristics and risk factors of vaccine-related adverse events (AEs) were identified to gain an in-depth understanding of vaccine safety by investigating the impact of the vaccination dose on changes in post-vaccination AEs. Methods: Herein, a linked database of COVID-19 vaccination records from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, AE reports from the COVID-19 Vaccination Management System, and healthcare claims from the National Health Insurance Service, targeting ≥ 5-year-old individuals, was utilized (study duration = February 26, 2021, to January 31, 2023).The frequency and severity of reported post-vaccination AEs were evaluated. Furthermore, we specifically explored AEs in relation to the cumulative dosage of vaccines administered while evaluating associated risk factors. Results: During the observation period, 42,804,523 individuals completed the COVID-19 vaccination series, with 365,900 reporting AEs, with headache, muscle pain, and fever being the most frequently reported. Notably, the AE reports were approximately twice as high for women than for men, which was further exacerbated following both doses. Analysis by age group revealed that AE reports were lower among children, adolescents, and older adults than in the middleaged cohort (age = 50–64 years), with higher reports observed for 18–49-year-old individuals.Additionally, a higher risk of reporting was identified among individuals with lower socioeconomic status compared with those of middle socioeconomic status. Excluding dementia, the risk of reporting AEs was high in individuals with underlying diseases compared with those without, for instance, the risk of reporting AEs following two-dose vaccinations was approximately twice as high in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Conclusion These findings indicate that women, younger people, those with a lower socioeconomic status, and those with underlying health conditions reported a higher incidence of AEs following COVID-19 vaccinations. This emphasizes the need for continued monitoring to ensure safe vaccination and address vaccine-related anxiety and fear, especially within the aforementioned groups.

Background: Despite their effectiveness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been associated with adverse effects, underscoring the importance of continuous surveillance to ensure vaccine safety and effective management of public health. Herein, the characteristics and risk factors of vaccine-related adverse events (AEs) were identified to gain an in-depth understanding of vaccine safety by investigating the impact of the vaccination dose on changes in post-vaccination AEs. Methods: Herein, a linked database of COVID-19 vaccination records from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, AE reports from the COVID-19 Vaccination Management System, and healthcare claims from the National Health Insurance Service, targeting ≥ 5-year-old individuals, was utilized (study duration = February 26, 2021, to January 31, 2023).The frequency and severity of reported post-vaccination AEs were evaluated. Furthermore, we specifically explored AEs in relation to the cumulative dosage of vaccines administered while evaluating associated risk factors. Results: During the observation period, 42,804,523 individuals completed the COVID-19 vaccination series, with 365,900 reporting AEs, with headache, muscle pain, and fever being the most frequently reported. Notably, the AE reports were approximately twice as high for women than for men, which was further exacerbated following both doses. Analysis by age group revealed that AE reports were lower among children, adolescents, and older adults than in the middleaged cohort (age = 50–64 years), with higher reports observed for 18–49-year-old individuals.Additionally, a higher risk of reporting was identified among individuals with lower socioeconomic status compared with those of middle socioeconomic status. Excluding dementia, the risk of reporting AEs was high in individuals with underlying diseases compared with those without, for instance, the risk of reporting AEs following two-dose vaccinations was approximately twice as high in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Conclusion These findings indicate that women, younger people, those with a lower socioeconomic status, and those with underlying health conditions reported a higher incidence of AEs following COVID-19 vaccinations. This emphasizes the need for continued monitoring to ensure safe vaccination and address vaccine-related anxiety and fear, especially within the aforementioned groups.

Stings due to jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals are the most common envenomations encountered with humans in the marine environment. The first case was a 36-year-old female who presented with multiple whiplike linear, dark reddish bullous eruptions on the right forearm after she was stung by a jellyfish in the Philippines 15 days previously. The patient was treated with oral antibiotics for 10 days, but severe pruritus persisted and new papular lesions developed on her hand. Antibiotic therapy was discontinued and oral and topical corticosteroid therapy was applied instead. The skin lesions disappeared without recurrence after about 4 weeks. The second case was a 29-year-old male who visited our department with linear, reddish patches and necrotizing blisters on both the arms, left thigh, and trunk after he was stung by a jellyfish in Thailand. We treated him with oral and topical corticosteroids for 10 days and the lesions cleared. We describe two typical cases of jellyfish sting that are rare in Korea.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Adult ; Anthozoa ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arm ; Bites and Stings* ; Blister ; Female ; Forearm ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Philippines ; Pruritus ; Recurrence ; Sea Anemones ; Skin ; Thailand ; Thigh

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) frequently occurs following bimaxillary orthognathic surgeries. Compared to opioids, Nefopam is associated with lower incidences of PONV, and does not induce gastrointestinal tract injury, coagulopathy, nephrotoxicity, or fracture healing dysfunction, which are common side effects of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We compared nefopam- and fentanyl-induced incidence of PONV in patients with access to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following bimaxillary orthognathic surgeries. METHODS: Patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgeries were randomly divided into nefopam and fentanyl groups. Nefopam 120 mg or fentanyl 700 µg was mixed with normal saline to a final volume of 120 mL. Patients were given access to nefopam or fentanyl via PCA. Postoperative pain intensity and PONV were measured at 30 minutes and 1 hour after surgery in the recovery room and at 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery in the ward. The frequency of bolus delivery was compared at each time point. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients were enrolled in this study, with 48 in the nefopam (N) group and 41 in the fentanyl (F) group. PONV occurred in 13 patients (27.7%) in the N group and 7 patients (17.1%) in the F group at 8 hours post-surgery (P = 0.568), and there were no significant differences between the two groups at any of the time points. VAS scores were 4.4 ± 2.0 and 3.7 ± 1.9 in the N and F groups, respectively, at 8 hours after surgery (P = 0.122), and cumulative bolus delivery was 10.7 ± 13.7 and 8.6 ± 8.5, respectively (P = 0.408). There were no significant differences in pain or bolus delivery at any of the remaining time points. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and were given nefopam via PCA did not experience a lower rate of PONV compared to those that received fentanyl via PCA. Furthermore, nefopam and fentanyl did not provide significantly different postoperative pain control.
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Fentanyl ; Fracture Healing ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Nefopam ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Prospective Studies ; Recovery Room

Background: Vaccine safety surveillance is important because it is related to vaccine hesitancy, which affects vaccination rate. To increase confidence in vaccination, the active monitoring of vaccine adverse events is important. For effective active surveillance, we developed and verified a machine learning-based active surveillance system using national claim data. Methods: We used two databases, one from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, which contains flu vaccination records for the elderly, and another from the National Health Insurance Service, which contains the claim data of vaccinated people. We developed a casecrossover design based machine learning model to predict the health outcome of interest events (anaphylaxis and agranulocytosis) using a random forest. Feature importance values were evaluated to determine candidate associations with each outcome. We investigated the relationship of the features to each event via a literature review, comparison with the Side Effect Resource, and using the Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanation method. Results: The trained model predicted each health outcome of interest with a high accuracy (approximately 70%). We found literature supporting our results, and most of the important drug-related features were listed in the Side Effect Resource database as inducing the health outcome of interest. For anaphylaxis, flu vaccination ranked high in our feature importance analysis and had a positive association in Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation analysis. Although the feature importance of vaccination was lower for agranulocytosis, it also had a positive relationship in the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation analysis. Conclusion We developed a machine learning-based active surveillance system for detecting possible factors that can induce adverse events using health claim and vaccination databases. The results of the study demonstrated a potentially useful application of two linked national health record databases. Our model can contribute to the establishment of a system for conducting active surveillance on vaccination.

Background: Vaccine safety surveillance is important because it is related to vaccine hesitancy, which affects vaccination rate. To increase confidence in vaccination, the active monitoring of vaccine adverse events is important. For effective active surveillance, we developed and verified a machine learning-based active surveillance system using national claim data. Methods: We used two databases, one from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, which contains flu vaccination records for the elderly, and another from the National Health Insurance Service, which contains the claim data of vaccinated people. We developed a casecrossover design based machine learning model to predict the health outcome of interest events (anaphylaxis and agranulocytosis) using a random forest. Feature importance values were evaluated to determine candidate associations with each outcome. We investigated the relationship of the features to each event via a literature review, comparison with the Side Effect Resource, and using the Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanation method. Results: The trained model predicted each health outcome of interest with a high accuracy (approximately 70%). We found literature supporting our results, and most of the important drug-related features were listed in the Side Effect Resource database as inducing the health outcome of interest. For anaphylaxis, flu vaccination ranked high in our feature importance analysis and had a positive association in Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation analysis. Although the feature importance of vaccination was lower for agranulocytosis, it also had a positive relationship in the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation analysis. Conclusion We developed a machine learning-based active surveillance system for detecting possible factors that can induce adverse events using health claim and vaccination databases. The results of the study demonstrated a potentially useful application of two linked national health record databases. Our model can contribute to the establishment of a system for conducting active surveillance on vaccination.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The treatment outcome of patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) can be influenced by physician factors, including both intensivists and resident physicians. We evaluated the association between the number of residents who are exclusively responsible for the ICU and the mortality rate in a medical ICU. METHODS: The data obtained from an open medical ICU in a teaching hospital from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated the associations between the ICU mortality rate and both the number of resident physicians and the number of patient-days per resident physician using multivariate Poisson regression analysis adjusted for year and month. RESULTS: The months with fewer than two residents tended to have a higher ICU mortality rate, although this difference was not significant in the univariate analyses. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed that months with fewer than two residents had a significantly higher ICU mortality rate compared with months with two residents (incidence risk ratio (IRR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.41; p=0.029). The number of ICU patient-days per resident physician was not associated with the ICU mortality rate (IRR; 1.00, 95% CI, 0.99-1.01; p=0.649). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of fewer than two residents exclusively responsible for the medical ICU was an independent risk factor of a higher ICU mortality rate. However, no association was found between the number of ICU patient-days per resident physician and the ICU mortality rate.
Hospital Mortality ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Internship and Residency ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome