We conducted comparative study on metabolizable energy content of extracts of angelica keiskei and its byproduct. Total six different groups consisting of five test groups treated with angelica keiskei and one control group were compared. Each of the five test groups were given 30% of one of whole plant, extracts, fermented of extracts, byproduct and extracts plus byproduct, respectively, mixed with AIN93M. After 3 days of adjustment period, all groups were subjected to 4 days of test period during which the amounts of feed intake and excretion were measured everyday. All feces were treated for the prevention of decomposition and changes before its energy content were measured using a bomb calorimeter. The amount of excretion was 4.8 +/- 0.3 g/rat/3 days in control group and 9.9-15.0 g/rat/3 days in the groups were added with extracts of angelica keiskei indicating that the angelica keiskei-treated groups produce 2-3 times more excretion. Metabolic energy of control diet was 4,133.3 kcal. This was found to be 15 to 20% higher compared with the metabolic energy content ranging from 3,117.0 kcal/kg (extracts of angelica keiskei) to 3,259.8 kcal/kg (extracts plus byproducts) angelica keiskei-treated groups. This is interpreted as the result of the decreased metabolic energy in the test diets were substituted with 30% of ngelica keiskei-treated ingredient which has low metabolic content itself. One notable finding is that the metabolic content of the group mixed with byproducts and extracts (1,763.0 kcal/kg) is 27% higher than that of extracts of angelica keiskei (1,286.8 kcal/kg) indicating that mechanical grinding increases the rate of digestion and absorption increasing, in turn, the energy content used in the body. The results of analysis of overall caloric absorption showed absorption rate in order of Whole plant < extracts < byproduct < extract plus byproduct < fermented of extract.
Absorption ; Angelica ; Bombs ; Diet ; Digestion ; Feces ; Plants

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome. Between January 1, 2002 to September 30, 2002, we prospectively and retrospectively recruited 111 hospitalized patients who received Enteral Nutrition (ENgroup n = 52) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPNgroup n = 59) for more than seven days. The factors of clinical outcomes are costs, incidences of in-fection, lengths of hospital stay, and changes in weight. The characteristics of patients were investigated, which included nutritional status, disease severity (APACHE III score) and hypermetabolic severity (hypermetabolic score). Hypermeta-bolic scores were determined by high fever (>38 degrees C), rapid breathing (>30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (>100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC > 12000 mm3), leukocytopenia (WBC < 3000 mm3), status of infection, inflammatory bowel disease, surgery and trauma. There was a positive correlation between hypermetabolic score and length of hospital stay (ICU), medical cost, weight loss, antibiotics adjusted by age while APACHE III score did not show correlation to clinical outcome. Medical cost was higher by 18.2% in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a strong negative correlation between the clinical outcome (cost, incidence of infection, hospital stay) and hypermetabolic score. Higher metabolic stress caused more malnutrition and complications. For nutritional management of patients with malnutrition, multiple factors, including nutritional assessment, and evaluation of hypermetabolic severity are needed to provide nutritional support for critically ill patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; APACHE* ; Critical Illness ; Cross Infection ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Fever ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Length of Stay ; Leukocytosis ; Leukopenia ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status* ; Nutritional Support ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Prospective Studies ; Respiration ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress, Physiological ; Weight Loss

This study evaluated the nutrition intake and changes in laboratory data of surgery patients with hypermetabolic severity on nutrition support. From January 2002 to September 2002, 66 hospitalized surgery patients who had received enteral nutrition (EN, n=19) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN, n=47) for more than 7 days were prospectively and retrospectively recruited. The laboratory data was examined pre-operatively, and on the post-operative 1, 3, 7 day and at the time of discharge. The characteristics of the patients were examined for the hypermetabolic severity, The hypermetabolic scores were determined by high fever (> 38 degrees C), rapid breathing (> 30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (> 100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC>12,000/microliter), leukocytopenia (WBC<3,000/microliter), status of infection, inflammatory bowel disease, surgery and trauma. The scores for the hypermetabolic status were divided into three groups (mild 0-10, moderate 11-40, severe>41). According to the results of the study, 38.3% (n=23), 45.4% (n=30) and 19.6% (n=13) were in the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. There was a decrease in the serum albumin level and weight loss according to the hypermetabolic severity. However, the white blood cells (WBC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), c-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, GOT, and GPT increased. The nutritional intake was TPN (32.5 kcal/kg, protein 1.2 g/kg, fat 0.25 g/kg), EN (28.1 kcal/kg, protein 1.0 g/kg, fat 1.01 g/kg). The serum albumin, hemoglobin and cholesterol were higher in the EN group than in the TPN group. But the FBS, total bilirubin, GOT and GPT were higher in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a negative correlation between the changes in the laboratory data and the hypermetabolic severity. There was an increase in the number of metabolic complications in the TPN group.
Bilirubin ; Blood Glucose ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cholesterol ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Fasting ; Fever ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Leukocytes ; Leukocytosis ; Leukopenia ; Malnutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Prospective Studies ; Respiration ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin ; Weight Loss

Background: Emerging infectious diseases, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome or coronavirus disease 2019, pose a continuous threat to public health, making a risk assessment necessary for infectious disease control and prevention. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the risk assessment methods for infectious diseases used by major foreign countries and organizations. Methods: We conducted an investigation and comparative analysis of risk assessment and risk determination methods for infectious diseases. The risk assessment tools included the strategic toolkit for assessing risks, influenza risk assessment tool, pandemic severity assessment framework, and rapid risk assessment methodology. Results: The most frequently reported risk elements were disease severity, antiviral treatment, attack rate, population immunity, and basic productive ratio. The risk evaluation method was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by the stakeholders at each institution. Additionally, the final risk level was visualized in a matrix, framework, and x and y-axis. Conclusion Considering the risk assessment tools, the risk element was classified based on the duplicate of each indicator, and risk evaluation and level of risk assessment were analyzed.

Background: The emergence of new infectious diseases threatens public health, increasing socioeconomic damage, and national risks. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based risk assessment tool to quickly respond to new infectious diseases. Methods: The risk elements were extracted by reviewing the risk assessment methods of the World Health Organization, United States, Europe, United Kingdom, and Germany, and the validity and priority of elements were determined through expert meetings and Delphi surveys. Then, the scale and level for each risk element were defined and a final score calculation method according to the risk evaluation result was derived. The developed risk assessment tool was verified using data at the time of domestic transmission of an emerging infectious disease. Results: In case of spread of actual infectious diseases, priority is determined based on the criticality of the elements in each area of transmissibility and severity, from which the weighted score of the risk assessment is derived. Then, the risk score for each element was calculated by multiplying the average value of the risk evaluation by its weight and the evaluation risk assessment score for the two areas was calculated. At last, the final score is plotted in a matrix where the x-axis indicates the transmissibility and the y-axis the severity and plotted on the coordinate plane for time series use. Conclusion With respect to transmissibility and severity, this risk assessment method to respond to new and re-emerging infectious diseases enables rapid and evidence-based evaluation by quantitatively and qualitatively assessing various risk elements.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients with psoriasis are not well described in Asian populations, including Koreans. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PsA by using the classification of psoriatic arthritis (CASPAR) criteria on the basis of physical examination only, as well as its correlation with psoriasis severity and other medical conditions including nail psoriasis. METHODS: A single-center, cross-sectional observational cohort study was conducted, and the included patients were evaluated for PsA according to the CASPAR criteria. The psoriasis area severity index (PASI) and the nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI) were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of PsA in patients with psoriasis in Korea was 13.5%. When performing logistic regression, hyperlipidemia and localized pustular psoriasis were found to be significant predictors of PsA. The PASI score was significantly higher in PsA patients than in those with psoriasis alone (p=0.014). Psoriatic nail involvement was found in 85.5% of the study population, and all PsA patients had nail psoriasis. The mean NAPSI score was higher in patients with PsA; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was a close relation between psoriasis severity and PsA, although nail psoriasis severity was not related to PsA status. Dermatologists can diagnose PsA from current physical findings by using the CASPAR criteria. To validate the CASPAR criteria for PsA diagnosis, the definition of nail psoriasis clinical types and severity in the CASPAR criteria should be reviewed again.
Arthritis, Psoriatic* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Classification ; Cohort Studies ; Dermatology* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Psoriasis

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients with psoriasis are not well described in Asian populations, including Koreans. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PsA by using the classification of psoriatic arthritis (CASPAR) criteria on the basis of physical examination only, as well as its correlation with psoriasis severity and other medical conditions including nail psoriasis. METHODS: A single-center, cross-sectional observational cohort study was conducted, and the included patients were evaluated for PsA according to the CASPAR criteria. The psoriasis area severity index (PASI) and the nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI) were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of PsA in patients with psoriasis in Korea was 13.5%. When performing logistic regression, hyperlipidemia and localized pustular psoriasis were found to be significant predictors of PsA. The PASI score was significantly higher in PsA patients than in those with psoriasis alone (p=0.014). Psoriatic nail involvement was found in 85.5% of the study population, and all PsA patients had nail psoriasis. The mean NAPSI score was higher in patients with PsA; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was a close relation between psoriasis severity and PsA, although nail psoriasis severity was not related to PsA status. Dermatologists can diagnose PsA from current physical findings by using the CASPAR criteria. To validate the CASPAR criteria for PsA diagnosis, the definition of nail psoriasis clinical types and severity in the CASPAR criteria should be reviewed again.
Arthritis, Psoriatic* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Classification ; Cohort Studies ; Dermatology* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Psoriasis

This study was performed to examine the feeding effects of Angelica keiskei Koidz (AK) and its processed products on serum, liver, and body fat content and the expression of antioxidant genes in rats fed a high fat diet. AK and its processed products were added at 3-5% to a high fat diet and fed to adult rats for 6 weeks. In experiment 1 (EXP 1), the rats were fed with one of six diets including a control diet (normal fat), high fat diet (HF), and HF + AK additives groups (four groups). In experiment 2 (EXP 2), the rats were separated into three groups of HF, HF + AK whole leaves, and HF + fermented juice (FS) + squeeze (SA). Body weight was not different among the groups in either experiment. The liver weight was lower in the FS and SA groups compared to that in the other groups (P < 0.05). Serum luteolin was higher in the AK and processed products groups compared to that in the HF group (P < 0.05). Gene expression of the antioxidative enzymes catalase and glutathione-s-reductase in the liver was higher in the AK processed products group than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the intake of AK and its processed products increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes in animals fed a high fat diet, reduced hepatic cholesterol content, and increased the effective absorption of luteolin.
Absorption ; Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Angelica ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Catalase ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver ; Luteolin ; Rats

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate factors affecting preparation stage to quit smoking in men. METHODS: Based on data from the Community Health Survey conducted in Chungbuk Province in 2008, we estimated rates and odds ratio (OR) of smoking cessation intention for 2,639 men who were current smokers. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting preparation stage to quit smoking. RESULTS: Among current male smokers, the rate of smoking cessation intention was 17.1%. The OR of factors affecting smoking cessation was as follows: Compared to men with middle school education, the OR for rate of smoking cessation intention in men with high school education was 1.47 (p=.018), and for college or higher, 1.55 (p=.017). Compared to being single, the OR for cohabitation after marriage was 1.61 (p=.011) and living alone after marriage, 2.23 (p=.005). The OR for attempt to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke and participation in smoking education were 6.80 (p<.001), 1.32 (p=.020) and 1.69 (p=.005), respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of this study show that it is necessary to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke and to increase participation in smoking cessation education targeting current smokers to move them from precontemplation or contemplation stage to preparation stage.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Demography ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Marriage ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Smoking/*psychology ; *Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Increased mass of adipose tissue in obese persons is caused by excessive adipogenesis, which is elaborately controlled by an array of transcription factors. Inhibition of adipogenesis by diverse plant-derived substances has been explored. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of the aqueous methanol extract of laver (Porphyra yezoensis) on adipogenesis and apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of the laver extract. MATERIALS/METHODS: 3T3-L1 cells were treated with various concentrations of laver extract in differentiation medium. Lipid accumulation, expression of adipogenic proteins, including CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, fatty acid binding protein 4, and fatty acid synthase, cell viability, apoptosis, and the total content and the ratio of reduced to oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) were analyzed. RESULTS: Treatment with laver extract resulted in a significant decrease in lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which showed correlation with a reduction in expression of adipogenic proteins. Treatment with laver extract also resulted in a decrease in the viability of preadipocytes and an increase in the apoptosis of mature adipocytes. Treatment with laver extract led to exacerbated depletion of cellular glutathione and abolished the transient increase in GSH/GSSG ratio during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CONCLUSION: Results of our study demonstrated that treatment with the laver extract caused inhibition of adipogenesis, a decrease in proliferation of preadipocytes, and an increase in the apoptosis of mature adipocytes. It appears that these effects were caused by increasing oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the depletion and oxidation of the cellular glutathione pool in the extract-treated adipocytes. Our results suggest that a prooxidant role of laver extract is associated with its antiadipogenic and proapoptotic effects.
3T3-L1 Cells ; Adipocytes* ; Adipogenesis* ; Adipose Tissue ; Apoptosis* ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Survival ; Glutathione ; Humans ; Methanol* ; Oxidative Stress ; PPAR gamma ; Transcription Factors