BACKGROUND: In our previous report, we observed the increaseed epidermal glucose concentrations and decreased hexokinase actiuities of diabetic patients which were ciimpared to those of normal individuals. And we considered that, there were some derrangement of lipid metabolism and glycolysis of diabetic epidermis. OBJECTIVES: This study wns planed to prove the above possible changes of lipid metabolism and glycolysis of diabetic epidermis. METHODS: The epidermal enzymatic activties of glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase(G6PDH), phosphofructokinase(PFK), 1-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase(GOPDH) and b-hydroxybutyryl CoA dehydrogenase(HBDH) were assayed in the skin samples obtained friom diabetic patients and normal individuals by the fluorometric: method. RESULTS: Teh epidermal PFK activities of diabetic patients were decreased(3.49+1.35(mmole/hr/kg dry weight)) compared to that of normal individuals(5.00+0.56(mmcle/hr/kg dry weight))(p<0.05). The epidermal HBDH activities of diabetic patients were decreised(0.28+0.10(mole/hr/kg dry weight)) compared to that of normal individuals(0.49+0.20(mole/hr/kg dry weight)(p<0.01). The mean epidermal G6PDH activity of diabetic patients was decreasec. compased to that of normal individuals, but there was no statisical significance. The mean epidermal 3OPDH activittes of diabetic patients and normal individual; showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: We consider that the decreased epidermal HBDH actiities of diabetic patients can decrease keton body formatiori, and the abnormal glycolysis can exist in the diabetic epidermis because the decreased enzymatic activities of diabetic epidermal PFK may decrease the velocity of glycolysis.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Epidermis ; Glucose ; Glycolysis ; Hexokinase ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Skin

PURPOSE: To compare postoperative clinical outcomes between 2 types of 3-piece aspheric intraocular lenses. METHODS: Uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, total ocular and internal ocular aberration including higher-order aberrations and spherical aberration, and modulation transfer functions were compared 6 months after cataract surgery between eyes implanted with TECNIS ZA9003 (group 1) and HOYA PC-60AD (group 2) in 30 and 28 eyes, respectively, In addition, the differences between postoperative spherical equivalent and preoperative target refractive errors were analyzed. RESULTS: Clinical outcomes showed no significant differences between both groups including visual acuities, high order aberrations, and modulation transfer function. In both groups, postoperative refractive errors were more of a myopic state than preoperative estimated target refraction. The myopic refractive error between both groups showed no significant difference (-0.26 vs. -0.42 diopter, p = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed 3-piece aspheric IOL, HOYA PC-60AD shows similar clinical outcomes compared with the widely used 3-piece IOL TECNIS ZA9003.
Cataract ; Eye ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Refractive Errors ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlations between optical quality parameters obtained from the double-pass system and ocular aberrations obtained from the ray-tracing aberrometer in multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implanted eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eyes from 20 patients were enrolled in this study. Modulation transfer function cutoff frequency, The Strehl ratio, objective scatter index, and objective pseudo-accommodation obtained from the double-pass system were compared with root mean square (RMS) total aberration, RMS higher-order aberration, and spherical aberration obtained from the ray-tracing aberrometer. Additionally, parameters of the double-pass system and ray-tracing aberrometer were compared with manifested refraction values and subjective visual acuity, respectively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant correlation between optical quality parameters obtained from the double-pass system and ocular aberrations, except between the Strehl ratio and RMS total aberration (r=-0.566, p=0.018). No significant correlations were found between the parameters of both devices, and manifested refraction values or subjective visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Optical quality parameters, especially the Strehl ratio, in multifocal IOL implanted eyes were affected by RMS total aberration. Further studies based on accurate measurements of ocular aberrations and additional optical quality parameters are needed to delineate relationships between optical quality parameters and ocular aberrations in multifocal IOL implanted eyes.
Adult ; Aged ; Cataract Extraction ; Female ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; *Lenses, Intraocular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Refraction, Ocular ; *Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical 3 months postoperative results of three different 1-piece aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs): AcrySof IQ SN60WF (Alcon Laboratories, INC, Fort Worth, TX), TECNIS 1-piece ZCB00 (AMO Inc., Santa Ana, CA) and the newly developed enVista MX60 (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY). METHODS: In a total of 62 eyes, 1 of the 3 1-piece aspheric IOLs, AcrySof IQ SN60WF, TECNIS 1-piece ZCB00 or enVista MX60 was implanted after cataract extraction. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and spherical equivalent were assessed 3 months postoperatively. Total spherical aberration, high order aberration, and modulation transfer function were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of UCVA, BCVA, the accuracy of postoperative refractive power, and modulation transfer function among the 3 IOLs. Higher order aberrations of the entire eye and internal optics showed almost no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed IOL, enVista MX60, showed equivalent clinical outcomes as both AcrySof IQ SN60WF and TECNIS 1-piece ZCB00.
Cataract Extraction ; Eye ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Visual Acuity

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease(CAD) has been related to a number of factors, including diabetes, smoking,hypertension, blood lipids, and family history of CAD. However, a few studies have examined the correlation between these factors and severity of CAD. In the present study, we aimed to define the correlation between risk factors and the severity of CAD. METHODS: The study population was 309 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography in Kang Nam St. Marys hospital between Mar. 1992 and Aug. 1994. We analyzed risk factors of CA ; age, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol cholesterol(LDL-C), the ratio of TC to HDL-C, Lp(a), uric acid, fibrinogen, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history of CAD. All films were reviewed without specific knowledge of blood laboratory results. Significant occlusive disease was defined as >50% diameter obstruction of a major coronary vessel. Extent of disease was defined as the number of major coronalry arteries with significant occlusive disease. RESULTS: 1) Statistically significant risk factors between one vessel disease group and multivessel disease group are age, TC, LDL-C, and diabetes in total patients and age, LDL, and diabetes in male patients. But there is no significant difference in female patients. 2) In patients with multivessel disease, age, HDL-C level are significantly lowere, and TG level and the percentage of smkoing are significantly higher, in male than female. 3) There is increase in four major risk factors(diabetes, hypertension,smoking,hypercholesterolemia) with the increased number of diseasesd coronary arteries; normal coronary group has 1.07 risk factors, one vessel disease group 1.30, two vessel disease group 1.49, and three vessel disease group 1.78. 4) In total and male patients, three independent variables are significantly associated with severity of CAD. These variables are age, smoking, and diabetes. In female patients, diabetes in only significant independent risk factor. CONCLUSION: The significant independent risk factors associated with severity of CAD are age, diabetes, and smoking in total and male patients. Whereas in female patients, diabetes is only significant independent risk factor.
Arteries ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Fibrinogen ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides ; Uric Acid

PURPOSE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of co-implantation of a preloaded capsular tension ring (CTR) and aberration-free monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) on clinical outcomes and visual quality after cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent cataract surgery were randomized into two groups that were implanted with a CTR and IOL (group 1, 26 eyes) or an IOL only (group 2, 26 eyes). At 1 and 3 months after surgery, visual acuity, refractive errors, refractive prediction errors, ocular aberrations, and modulation transfer function (MTF) were analyzed. At 3 months postoperatively, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and contrast sensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS: Group 1 showed greater hyperopic shift, which caused the refractive prediction error at 3 months after surgery to be significantly different between the two groups (p=0.049). Differences in ACD between the preoperative and postoperative periods tended to be greater in group 1 than in group 2. At 3 months postoperatively, internal MTF values at 20, 25, and 30 cycles per degree were significantly better in group 1 than in group 2 (p=0.034, 0.017, and 0.017, respectively). Contrast sensitivity showed comparable results at almost all spatial frequencies between the groups. CONCLUSION: Regarding visual acuity and quality, both groups showed comparable results. Co-implantation of a CTR and aberration-free monofocal IOL was associated with hyperopic refractive outcomes. Surgeons should consider the position of the IOL when planning co-implantation of a CTR and IOL.
Aged ; Cataract/physiopathology ; *Cataract Extraction ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Female ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular/*instrumentation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Period ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine A on tear film parameters and corneal aberration after cataract surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent cataract surgery were divided into 2 groups. Patients in Group I (23 eyes) were treated with cyclosporine A from 1 week before surgery to 3 months after surgery. Patients in Group II (24 eyes) underwent surgery without cyclosporine treatment. Tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer's test I, Oxford scheme, Ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and corneal aberrations were evaluated before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: In Group I, BUT was significantly improved at 3 months (p = 0.026) after surgery compared with the preoperative value. OSDI decreased significantly at 1 (p = 0.033) and 3 months (p = 0.003) after surgery compared with the preoperative value. However, there were no significant differences between preoperative and postoperative values of BUT and OSDI in Group II. Schirmer's test results and the Oxford scheme were not significantly changed in either group. Preoperative root mean square (RMS) total values were not different between the 2 groups, but was different at postoperative 3 months (p = 0.015). Group I had a significantly lower value for total RMS than Group II. In Group I, Coma 7 (Z3(-1)) (p = 0.018) and spherical aberration (Z4(0)) (p = 0.031) were significantly decreased after surgery. In Group II, Trefoil 6 (Z3(-3)) (p = 0.033) was significantly increased after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: 0.05% cyclosporine A may be effective for improving dry eye syndrome and corneal aberration after cataract surgery.
Cataract* ; Coma ; Cyclosporine* ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Humans ; Lotus ; Tears*

PURPOSE: To compare the astigmatic power of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) obtained from the AcrySof, TECNIS, and iTrace toric calculator in patients with preoperative with-the-rule (WTR) or against-the-rule (ATR) corneal astigmatism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty eyes with cataract and corneal astigmatism greater than 0.75 diopters were enrolled in each group (WTR and ATR). Keratometric values were measured using autokeratometry, an IOLMaster, and an iTrace, which incorporated corneal topography and ray-tracing aberrometry. Based on measured keratometric values, the astigmatic power of each toric IOL was calculated using three toric calculators. RESULTS: Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between six pairwise corneal astigmatism values in both groups. The TECNIS calculator tended to suggest a higher astigmatic power of the toric IOL than the AcrySof calculator. With the higher astigmatism and keratometric values from the IOLMaster, in both groups, calculations from the AcrySof and TECNIS calculators resulted in higher calculated astigmatic powers than those from same calculators with autokeratometry-measured values, demonstrating good agreement. With the higher calculated astigmatic power values, the values from the iTrace toric calculator using keratometric values obtained from iTrace ray tracing wavefront aberrometry or iTrace simulated keratometry showed fair to moderate agreement with those from the other calculator-keratometry pairs in both groups. CONCLUSION: To achieve the best refractive outcome after toric IOL implantation, understanding the differences in keratometric values between instruments and in calculated astigmatic power among toric calculator programs is necessary. Moreover, systemic analysis of each toric calculator in conjunction with postoperative data is required.
Aberrometry ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Astigmatism/physiopathology/surgery ; *Cataract ; Cornea/surgery ; Corneal Topography ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; *Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; *Lenses, Intraocular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phacoemulsification/*methods ; Postoperative Period ; Refraction, Ocular/*physiology ; Visual Acuity/physiology

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of toric foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation and non-toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation with limbal relaxing incisions (LRIs) for correcting moderate-to-high astigmatism in myopic eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 146 patients (195 eyes) with myopic astigmatism who underwent toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation (toric group; 94 eyes) or non-toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation with concurrent LRIs (LRI group; 101 eyes) were retrospectively reviewed. For subgroup analysis, the two groups were subdivided according to preoperative astigmatic severity [moderate, 2.00 to <3.00 diopters (D); high, 3.00–4.00 D]. Visual and astigmatic outcomes were compared 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The uncorrected distance visual acuity was at least 20/25 in 100% and 98% of the toric and LRI group eyes, respectively. The toric group had lower mean residual cylindrical error (-0.67±0.39 D vs. -1.14±0.56 D; p<0.001) and greater mean cylindrical error change (2.17±0.56 D vs. 1.63±0.72 D; p<0.001) than the LRI group, regardless of the preoperative astigmatic severity. The mean correction index (1.10±0.16 vs. 0.72±0.24; p<0.001) and success index (0.24±0.14 vs. 0.42±0.21; p<0.001) also differed significantly between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both surgical techniques considerably reduced astigmatism and had comparable visual outcomes. However, toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation was more reliable for correcting moderate-to-high astigmatism in myopic eyes.
Astigmatism* ; Humans ; Limbus Corneae ; Medical Records ; Phakic Intraocular Lenses* ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of toric foldable iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation and non-toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation with limbal relaxing incisions (LRIs) for correcting moderate-to-high astigmatism in myopic eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 146 patients (195 eyes) with myopic astigmatism who underwent toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation (toric group; 94 eyes) or non-toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation with concurrent LRIs (LRI group; 101 eyes) were retrospectively reviewed. For subgroup analysis, the two groups were subdivided according to preoperative astigmatic severity [moderate, 2.00 to <3.00 diopters (D); high, 3.00–4.00 D]. Visual and astigmatic outcomes were compared 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The uncorrected distance visual acuity was at least 20/25 in 100% and 98% of the toric and LRI group eyes, respectively. The toric group had lower mean residual cylindrical error (-0.67±0.39 D vs. -1.14±0.56 D; p<0.001) and greater mean cylindrical error change (2.17±0.56 D vs. 1.63±0.72 D; p<0.001) than the LRI group, regardless of the preoperative astigmatic severity. The mean correction index (1.10±0.16 vs. 0.72±0.24; p<0.001) and success index (0.24±0.14 vs. 0.42±0.21; p<0.001) also differed significantly between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both surgical techniques considerably reduced astigmatism and had comparable visual outcomes. However, toric foldable iris-fixated pIOL implantation was more reliable for correcting moderate-to-high astigmatism in myopic eyes.
Astigmatism* ; Humans ; Limbus Corneae ; Medical Records ; Phakic Intraocular Lenses* ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity