PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review articles related to the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). METHODS: Systematic literature searches of computerized databases were performed to identify articles on psychometric evaluation of the PSS. RESULTS: The search finally identified 19 articles. Internal consistency reliability, factorial validity, and hypothesis validity of the PSS were well reported. However, the test-retest reliability and criterion validity were relatively rarely evaluated. In general, the psychometric properties of the 10-item PSS were found to be superior to those of the 14-item PSS, while those of the 4-item scale fared the worst. The psychometric properties of the PSS have been evaluated empirically mostly using populations of college students or workers. CONCLUSION: Overall, the PSS is an easy-to-use questionnaire with established acceptable psychometric properties. However, future studies should evaluate these psychometric properties in greater depth, and validate the scale using diverse populations.
Humans ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee should be objective. Then stress machine, Gonylaxometer, knee ligament arthrometer (K-T 1000) and Genucome were introduced recently, but they have many problems such as soft tissue error, expensiveness and low popularity. Authors modified the radiological assessment of anterior cruciate ligament injury, reported by Hooper(1986), and applied to the evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injury. The patient was positioned supine with the one side of leg held on a support so that the knee was flexed approximately 45°to 60°. The thigh was unsupported and a weight(0.9 Kg to 4.5 Kg with increment of 0.9 Kg) was placed on the anterior leg (just distal to the patellar tendon) and lateral view had been taken in this stressed position. Same procedure was done on the other side and the posterior displacement of both knees were compaired. The differences of posterior displacement between both knees of 50 normal adults were studied and 9 cases of posterior cruciate ligament injury were studied, too. The following results were obtained. 1. The difference of posterior displacement could be measured objectively and it is useful for the diagnosis of posterior cruciate ligament injury and the objective evaluation after conservative or operative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injury patient. 2. The differences of posterior displacement between both knees of 50 normal adults were ranged from 0 to 3 mm with a mean of from 0.88 ±0.87mm to 1.14 ±0.94mm. 3. The differences of posterior displacement between injured knee and normal knee of posterior cruciate ligament injury patient were more than 6mm in 9 patients. 4. The radiological method was inexpensive and easy to perform.
Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament ; Thigh

No abstract available.
Meningocele*

No abstract available.
GTP-Binding Proteins

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma*

No abstract available.
Malacoplakia* ; Urinary Bladder*

This study was done to identify the effectiveness of a proper positioning on musculoskeletal complication on patient with Stroke by using a quasi-experimental study. A total of 18 patients were selected as a subject from June 1st to October 31th 1998 who had been hospitalized at Intensive Care Units in K medical center. A experimental group consists of 8 patients who were given proper positioning every two hours. A control group consists of 10 patients who were given traditional positioning. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS windows including chi-test(Fisher's exact method), Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and McNemar test. The result of this study was summerized as follows: 1) The experimental group with proper positioning has shown lower shoulder pain score, dorsiflexion contracture score, Shoulder subluxation score and higher Range of Motion and than the control group. 2) The experimental group with proper positioning has shown lower muscle pain score and edema score than the control group, but it was not statistically significant. Therefore, proper positioning could be applied as an independent nursing intervention for patients on Stroke in order to facilitate rehabilitation.
Contracture ; Edema ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Myalgia ; Nursing ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Rehabilitation ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Pain ; Stroke*

PURPOSE: In contracted bladder of various etiologies, if many of conservative managements fail, a surgical treatment seems to be the only therapeutic approach. We tried to evaluate the long term results of aug mentation cystoplasty including the postoperative complication and the degree of satisfaction in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1989 to 1988, augmentation cystoplasties had been performed in 11 patients with contracted bladder of various etiologies. We reviewed the patients' medical records including the result of urodynamic examinations, retrospectively. Postoperative follow-up periods were 9 to 114months (mean:61months). Patients were interviewed by telephone. RESULTS: Urinary frequency, nocturia, dysuria and suprapubic pain were improved in all patients, but dysuria persisted in one patient with tuberculous cystitis. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) was done in there of 11 patients due to large volume of residual urine. The volume of residual urine was 200-300ml in one with hyperreflexic neurogenic bladder, and 100-200ml in two with interstitial cystitis. Self voiding was possible in 8 patients with residual urine volume less than 90ml. Almost all patients were very satisfied symptomatically in the telephone survey. There were no significant complications which required surgical revision. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that augmentation cystoplasty could be an excellent method of treatment for selective patients with contracted bladder, who have not improved symtomatically by medication or conservative management.
Cystitis ; Cystitis, Interstitial ; Dysuria ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intermittent Urethral Catheterization ; Medical Records ; Nocturia ; Postoperative Complications ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Telephone ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urodynamics

No abstract available.
Thumb* ; Toes*

No abstract available.
Arnold-Chiari Malformation* ; Diagnosis* ; Prenatal Diagnosis* ; Ultrasonography*