Objectives: ：The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical utility of the internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF), compared with those scales of the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Methods: ：43 adolescents with internalizing disorders and 44 adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents were administered the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL each. To verify the difference between the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL for each group, independent-sample t test was performed. To compare the agreement between the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL, correlation analysis was also conducted. Lastly, to identify which scales significantly best predict each of the internalizing and externalizing disorder, logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: ：Internalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF and K-CBCL were significantly higher in the internalizing disorder group, and the externalization scales were significantly higher in the externalizing disorder group. The positive correlation was significant only for internalization problems between the two evaluation measures in both groups (each r=0.360, p<0.05, r=0.572, p<0.05). In addition, the scales significantly predicted internalizing and externalizing disorders were the internalization and externalization scales of the MMPI-A-RF, followed by the externalization scale of the K-CBCL (R2 =0.407, p<0.05). Conclusions ：The internalization and externalization higher-order scales of the MMPI-A-RF were found to reliably reflect the characteristics of each disorder in adolescents and be useful evaluative scales to differentiate dis-orders. Moreover, if adolescents show externalization problems, additional information from the K-CBCL can be more useful to differentiate disorders.

No abstract available.
Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell* ; Polychondritis, Relapsing*

Micronutrient deficiencies in Crohn's disease (CD) patients are not uncommon and usually result in a combination of reduced dietary intake, disease-related malabsorption, and a catabolic state. Decreased serum thiamine levels are often reported in patients with CD. Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a severe form of thiamine deficiency that can cause serious neurologic complications. Although WE is known to occur frequently in alcoholics, a number of non-alcoholic causes have also been reported. Here, we report two cases of non-alcoholic WE that developed in two severely malnourished CD patients who were supported by prolonged total parenteral nutrition without thiamine supplementation. These patients complained of sudden-onset ophthalmopathy, cerebellar dysfunction, and confusion. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed definitive diagnosis for WE despite poor sensitivity. The intravenous administration of thiamine alleviated the symptoms of WE dramatically. We emphasize the importance of thiamine supplementation for malnourished patients even if they are not alcoholics, especially in those with CD.
Administration, Intravenous ; Alcoholics ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Crohn Disease* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Micronutrients ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Thiamine ; Thiamine Deficiency ; Wernicke Encephalopathy*

BACKGROUND: Chronic cough is a common clinical problem to which various etiologies are attributable; postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and chronic bronchitis, However, in some cases, no particular etiology can be confirmed. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to evaluate cough sensitivity and the clinical manifestations of patients with idiopathic chronic cough. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 70 non-smoking patients who had been coughing for more than 3 weeks without any history, symptoms or signs of rhinitis, sinusitis, typical asthma, GER or recent upper respiratory infection episodes. Nineteen healthy controls were also enrolled. Bronchial provocation tests with methacholine, capsaicin and distilled water (DW) were performed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were positive to rnethacholine test (PC20 < 25mg/ml) and defined as cough variant asthma. The others are classified into idiopathic chronic cough. By capsaicin and DW challenge tests, idiopathic cough patients could be divided into two groups, i.e., increased cough sensitivity (ICS) and normal cough sensitivity (NCS) groups. DW- induced cough counts were negatively correlated with C7 (lowest capsaicin concentration inducing continuous 7 or more coughs) (r=-0.739, p<0.001). No difference was found in clinical features such as age, sex, atopy, or peripheral eosinophil counts between these two groups but cough counts per cough burst were significantly higher in the ICS group. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity in cough sensitivity of idiopathic chronic cough patients may refiect different pathophysiologic mechanisms. It is unclear whether patients with NCS merely have habitual or psychogenic cough or not. These suggest that different therapentic strategies should be established on idiopathic chronic cough patients according to cough sensitivity.
Asthma ; Bronchial Provocation Tests ; Bronchitis, Chronic ; Capsaicin ; Cough* ; Eosinophils ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Methacholine Chloride ; Population Characteristics ; Rhinitis ; Sinusitis ; Water

OBJECTIVES: Ambivalence of self-image is considered to be important in patients with schizophrenia since impairment of self-referential processing and increment in ambivalence are illness-related symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate quantitative and qualitative properties of ambivalence of self-image in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 20 normal controls performed a set of 'self-image reflection task' and then the level of ambivalence towards actual and ideal self-image were numerically scored. Ambivalence scores were compared between groups and correlation analyses with psychometric scales were done in each group. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia had higher level of ambivalence towards both actual and ideal self-image (p<0.001). Normal controls showed significant correlations with the scales representing level of self-concept clarity (r=-0.480, p=0.033), depression (r=0.479, p=0.033), and self-esteem (r=-0.555, p=0.011 ; R=-0.600, p=0.005) while the patients did not. CONCLUSION: Ambivalence towards one's self-image is more intense in patients with schizophrenia. This symptom may be considered to exist as an independent symptom in schizophrenia.
Depression ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; Schizophrenia* ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Since the laparoscopic cholecystectomy became an usual procedure, operative indications of the gallbladder polyps have had the tendency to enlarge. There are no precise management plan about the gallbladder polyps which is not included in the accepted operative indications. Therefore a management plan may be required for the patients who has gallbladder polyps which is not accepted operative indications. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 106 patients with gallbladder polyps who were diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound and CT from January 1991 to January 2005. Our operation indications are polyp above 10 mm, symptomatic polyp, sessile polyp, coincidence of stone, focal thickening of gallbladder wall, diffuse wall thickening and detection during other operations. The gallbladder polyps which were suspected to the gallbladder cancer strongly on radiologic studies and polyps above 20 mm size were excluded in this studies. RESULTS: Among the 106 patients, 87 patients underwent operation, and polypoid lesions disappeared during the follow-up period in 3 patients, and 16 patients are on regular follow up. Fifty-six cases received operation with accepted operative indications, and the thirty-one cases underwent operation by the patient's demand. Two groups showed significant difference in true polyp on pathological diagnosis (P < 0.001). There was 16.07% true polyp in opertive indication based 56 patients and no true polyp in patient's demanded 31 cases. The pathologic diagnoses were cholesterol polyp in 27 patients (87.15%), no polyp in 2 patients, adenomatous hyperplasia in 2 patients. The correlation of the polyp size and pathologic diagnosis was an inverse relation to the polyp size and incidence of pseudopolyp (P=0.014). CONCLUSION: We propose that the 6-month-interval follow-up observation is fully safe for polyps sized below 10 mm and not included in accepted operative indications.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Cholesterol ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Incidence ; Polyps ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUN: Our aim was to assess the rate of flare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy, to describe fetal outcomes in lupus in Asan Medical Center and to identify clinical or serological factors that would predict pregnancy loss and poor fetal outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 49 pregnancies in 47 women with SLE. Clinical and laboratory data were identified from medical record. RESULTS: Lupus flare occurred in 30 (61.2%) of the pregnancies, mostly in the second trimester. Flares presented most commonly as involvement of skin or joints, constitutional symptoms. All of the patients with flare were treated with glucocorticosteroid. There was no predictive factor for flare of lupus during pregnancy. There were 37 (75.5%) live births and 12 (24.5%) fetal losses. Of live births, 10 (20.4%) were premature babies, 5 (10.2%) intrauterine growth retardation. Of fetal losses, 5 (10.2%) were spontaneous abortion, 5 (10.2%) therapeutic abortion, 2 (4.1%) still births. Using univariate analysis, predictive factors for adverse fetal outcome include antiphospholipid antibody, renal involvement, active lupus at conception and flare of lupus during pregnancy. Using multivariate analysis, antiphospholipid antibody was the only significant predictor for fetal loss, and lupus flare during pregnancy was the only significant predictor for poor fetal outcome. CONCLUSION: There was no predictive factor for the flare of lupus during pregnancy. Most lupus pregnancies did well, but there was a higher rate of adverse fetal outcome. Antiphospholipid antibody and flare of lupus during pregnancy were the only important predictors of fetal loss and premature birth, respectively.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Abortion, Therapeutic ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Female ; Fertilization ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Humans ; Joints ; Live Birth ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Parturition ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Pregnancy* ; Premature Birth ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin

No abstract available.
Anaphylaxis* ; Aprotinin* ; Thoracic Surgery*

Purpose: We report the relationship between early retinal hemorrhage absorption rate (RHAR) and long-term clinical outcomes associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: This retrospective study included 66 eyes with BRVO. We used a grid as a quantitative measurement unit for measuring the amount of hemorrhage, and calculated the RHAR by measuring variance between sums of the grids. We investigated the relationship of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and other long term clinical outcomes with RHAR. Results: The RHAR in BRVO patients measured 16.46 ± 21.48 ∑grid/time (month). Improvement of BCVA (logMAR) was 0.28 ± 0.28 at 12 months, showing statistical significance with the RHAR (p < 0.01). We divided RHAR into two groups by 7.5 ∑ grid/month; slow and fast RHAR groups. Improvement of BCVA (logMAR) was 0.16 ± 0.23 in the slow RHAR group, and 0.38 ± 0.28 in the fast RHAR group, with statistical significance (p = 0.01). Regression of CFT was 133.12 ± 142.93 μm in the slow RHAR group, and 236.62 ± 131.55 μm in the fast RHAR group, with statistical significance (p < 0.01). Conclusions RHAR may be a prognostic factor during follow-up in BRVO patients.

Purpose: We report the relationship between early retinal hemorrhage absorption rate (RHAR) and long-term clinical outcomes associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: This retrospective study included 66 eyes with BRVO. We used a grid as a quantitative measurement unit for measuring the amount of hemorrhage, and calculated the RHAR by measuring variance between sums of the grids. We investigated the relationship of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and other long term clinical outcomes with RHAR. Results: The RHAR in BRVO patients measured 16.46 ± 21.48 ∑grid/time (month). Improvement of BCVA (logMAR) was 0.28 ± 0.28 at 12 months, showing statistical significance with the RHAR (p < 0.01). We divided RHAR into two groups by 7.5 ∑ grid/month; slow and fast RHAR groups. Improvement of BCVA (logMAR) was 0.16 ± 0.23 in the slow RHAR group, and 0.38 ± 0.28 in the fast RHAR group, with statistical significance (p = 0.01). Regression of CFT was 133.12 ± 142.93 μm in the slow RHAR group, and 236.62 ± 131.55 μm in the fast RHAR group, with statistical significance (p < 0.01). Conclusions RHAR may be a prognostic factor during follow-up in BRVO patients.