BACKGROUND: Recently, many studies have reported that university students have been suffering from stress because of their the uncertainty of their future and employment. Eating habits have often been considered as one of health-related behaviors that may be affected by life stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between stress and eating habits in university students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed. The subjects were 282 university students which assessed their eating habits and stresses. The total numbs of students in the study 263. Eating habits were scored using a questionnaire consisting of three categories-regularity, balance, and preference. The stress was assessed by modified Korean version of BEPSI. RESULTS: The stress score was 2.4 and the total score of eating habits was 44.2. The regularity among the domains of eating habits was 14.1, the balance score was 16.1, and the preference was 14.0. In multiple regression after adjustment with confounding variables, stress had a negative relationship with eating habits. CONCLUSION: The relationship between stress and eating habits was statistically significant, especially in regularity and balance. It is important to know not only the health status, but also the factors associated with health such as stresses and eating habits in order to improve the health status of the university students. Further research needs to uncover causality and make a generalization.
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eating* ; Employment ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Stress, Psychological ; Uncertainty ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: The smoking rate of adult male is 68.2% in Korea and that of adolescent and women has risen recently. Ministry of Health and Welfare plans to raise the price of cigarettes by 1,000 Won per pack this year in hopes of securing funds to aid the underprivileged and discourage excessive smoking. In this study, we tried to find the relationship between tobacco price increase and willingness to quit smoking among university students, and the factors associated with willingness to quit smoking. METHOD: The data were collected by questionnaire survey from 225 university students living in Seoul. The questionnaire contained items on age, sex, smoking history, economical status and the intention to quit smoking when the tobacco price be raised. RESULT: The proportion of smokers who has the intention to quit smoking if the price of tobacco be raised by 3,000 Won was 46.2%. The factors associated with willingness to quit smoking were age of initiating smoking, opinion for price of cigarette, self efficacy scores, current plans to quit smoking, and viewpoint of changes in the rate of smokers. CONCLUSION: The results showed that tobacco price rises will increase willingness to quit smoking among university students.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Financial Management ; Hope ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Male ; Self Efficacy ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Uremic encephalopathy is a well-known complication in uremia and rarely occurs with involuntary movements which represent basal ganglia lesion. We experienced a cases of recurrent acute uremic encephalopathy associated with reversible bilateral basal ganglia lesion. A 49-year-old man with end stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) treatment for the last 2 months was admitted for mental change. His blood sugar was 60 mg/dl, and his mentality was recovered after glucose solution infusion. Five days after admission, he suddenly developed dysarthria and chorea. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated low and high signals on bilateral basal ganglia in T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, respectively. After intensified CAPD treatment, his neurologic manifestations were resolved. One month after discharge, follow-up brain MRI showed decreased size of low attenuation on the basal ganglia. Two months later, he repeatedly developed dysarthria and involuntary movement of extremities. Newly developed bilateral symmetric T1 low and T2 high signal lesion on the basal ganglia was repeatedly observed on brain MRI. At that time, (his) Kt/V was 1.33. So we decided on him to switch from CAPD to hemodialysis, after then his symptoms disappeared.
Basal Ganglia ; Blood Glucose ; Brain ; Chorea ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dysarthria ; Dyskinesias ; Extremities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucose ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory ; Renal Dialysis ; Uremia

Perforation of the biliary tree mostly results from injury to the bile duct during surgery or procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and spontaneous bile duct perforation is rare in adults. As the clinical picture varies, early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous biliary peritonitis is difficult. A 52-year-old male patient presented with abdominal pain and intractable ascites. He already experienced severe abdominal pain 2 months ago and underwent percutaneous pigtail drainage for the ascites at nearby hospital. ERCP showed large filling defect with leakage of contrast media from the mid common bile duct (CBD) into the peritoneal cavity. We performed endoscopic sphincterotomy and extracted CBD stones with basket and balloon catheter. Then fully covered self expandable metal stent was placed in CBD. After the procedure, the symptom was improved and the amount of pigtail drainage from abdominal cavity was dramatically decreased. 6 weeks later, removing the metal stent, there was no more leakage of contrast media into peritoneal cavity. We report a very rare case of spontaneous bile leakage which was successfully managed with placement of metal stent.
Abdominal Cavity ; Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Ascites ; Bile ; Bile Ducts ; Biliary Tract ; Catheters ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct* ; Contrast Media ; Drainage ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Peritonitis ; Self Expandable Metallic Stents ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic ; Stents*

Perforation of the biliary tree mostly results from injury to the bile duct during surgery or procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and spontaneous bile duct perforation is rare in adults. As the clinical picture varies, early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous biliary peritonitis is difficult. A 52-year-old male patient presented with abdominal pain and intractable ascites. He already experienced severe abdominal pain 2 months ago and underwent percutaneous pigtail drainage for the ascites at nearby hospital. ERCP showed large filling defect with leakage of contrast media from the mid common bile duct (CBD) into the peritoneal cavity. We performed endoscopic sphincterotomy and extracted CBD stones with basket and balloon catheter. Then fully covered self expandable metal stent was placed in CBD. After the procedure, the symptom was improved and the amount of pigtail drainage from abdominal cavity was dramatically decreased. 6 weeks later, removing the metal stent, there was no more leakage of contrast media into peritoneal cavity. We report a very rare case of spontaneous bile leakage which was successfully managed with placement of metal stent.
Abdominal Cavity ; Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Ascites ; Bile ; Bile Ducts ; Biliary Tract ; Catheters ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct* ; Contrast Media ; Drainage ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Peritonitis ; Self Expandable Metallic Stents ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic ; Stents*

No abstract available.
Migraine Disorders

BACKGROUND: The hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype is a simple and inexpensive screening parameter to identify people at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether the HTGW phenotype predicts diabetes in urban Korean adults. METHODS: A total of 2,900 nondiabetic subjects (mean age 44.3 years), comprising 2,078 males (71.7%) and 822 females (28.3%) who underwent annual medical check-ups at our center between January 2005 and December 2009, were recruited. The subjects were divided into four groups according to baseline serum triglyceride (TG) level and waist circumference (WC): normal WC-normal TG (NWNT) level, normal WC-high TG level, enlarged WC-normal TG level, and enlarged WC-high TG (EWHT) level. High serum TG level was defined as > or =150 mg/dL and enlarged WC was defined as > or =90 cm for men and > or =85 cm for women. New cases of diabetes were determined according to questionnaires filled in by participants and the diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Cox proportional hazards model analysis was used to assess the association of HTGW phenotype with the incidence of diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 101 (3.5%) new diabetes cases were diagnosed during the study period. The EWHT group had a higher incidence of diabetes (8.3%) compared with the NWNT group (2.2%). The adjusted hazard ratio for diabetes for subjects with the EWHT phenotype at baseline was 4.113 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.397 to 7.059) after adjustment for age, and 2.429 (95% CI, 1.370 to 4.307) after adjustment for age, sex, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and alcohol drinking history. It was attenuated by inclusion of baseline fasting glucose level in the model. CONCLUSION: Subjects with the HTGW phenotype showed the highest risk of incident diabetes. This tool could be useful for identifying individuals at high risk of diabetes.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; Hypertriglyceridemic Waist* ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Phenotype* ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Severe hypoglycemia induces neuroglycopenic symptoms, including mental alteration, as glucose is the exclusive fuel for the central nervous system. However, some reports have shown that non-glucose fuels, like lactates and ketones, could be utilized by the brain during severe hypoglycemia. Herein, a case of extreme hypoglycemia in a 44-year old woman, subsequently diagnosed as congestive heart failure accompanied by ischemic hepatitis and lactic acidosis, is presented. In two episodes of extreme hypoglycemia, she was fully alert without obvious neurological deficits. In this unusual case, an increased supply of lactate might have maintained the cerebral function and prevented cerebral injury during the hypoglycemia that was induced as a result of starvation and hepatic and cardiac dysfunctions
Acidosis, Lactic* ; Adult ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Female ; Glucose ; Heart Failure ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia* ; Ketones ; Lactates ; Lactic Acid ; Masks* ; Starvation

Severe hypoglycemia induces neuroglycopenic symptoms, including mental alteration, as glucose is the exclusive fuel for the central nervous system. However, some reports have shown that non-glucose fuels, like lactates and ketones, could be utilized by the brain during severe hypoglycemia. Herein, a case of extreme hypoglycemia in a 44-year old woman, subsequently diagnosed as congestive heart failure accompanied by ischemic hepatitis and lactic acidosis, is presented. In two episodes of extreme hypoglycemia, she was fully alert without obvious neurological deficits. In this unusual case, an increased supply of lactate might have maintained the cerebral function and prevented cerebral injury during the hypoglycemia that was induced as a result of starvation and hepatic and cardiac dysfunctions
Acidosis, Lactic* ; Adult ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Female ; Glucose ; Heart Failure ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia* ; Ketones ; Lactates ; Lactic Acid ; Masks* ; Starvation

BACKGROUND: Radioiodine treatment is effective for the removal of remnant thyroid tissues after thyroidectomy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. To induce the elevation of serum TSH level which facilitates the uptake of radioiodine into remnants, a 4 to 6 week interval between thyroidectomy and radioiodine administration has been established. During the period of preparation, most patients have experienced overt symptoms of hypothyroidism which have led to the development of alternative strategies. Some reports have suggested that the interval could be reduced to about 3 weeks with less symptoms. We reevaluated the adequate time needed for the elevation of serum TSH level above 30microU/mL after thyroidectomy. METHODS: Forty five patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma were investigated. Serum TSH and free T4 levels were measured one or more times within 3 weeks after operation(total 97 blood samples). Eighty nine blood samples were obtained within 15 days. RESULTS: In 41 patients (91.1%) serum TSH levels increased to 30 microU/mL until 15 days after operation. Until postoperative 21 days, serum TSH levels in all the other patients reached 30microU/mL. In linear equation, the daily increment of serum TSH levels was 2.62microU/mL for the first 8 days after operation and 5.34micorU/mL for the next 7 days. The half-life of serum free T4 levels showed marked individual variations. CONCLUSION: Measurement of serum TSH level at about 15 days after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma may be useful in determining the time of radioiodine administration.
Half-Life ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyrotropin