No abstract available.

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of position change with 30degree laterally inclined position on pressure sores prevention. This study was designed as a Nonequivalent Control Group Quasi-experiment study. The subjects were collected with convenience sample of 30 patients who were hospitalized at ICU(Intensive Care Unit) of C university hospital in Seoul from March 1 to October 31, 1997. The patients were not able to change of position without help. The 15 patients were assigned to the control group and the other 15 patients to the experimental group. The both group were done position change every 2 hours and were observed whether pressure sores was developed for 2 weeks. For the experimental group, two positioning methods were alternatively used : 30degree right lateral, 30degree left lateral. For the control group, 90degree right and left lateral position were applied instead of 30degree lateral position. New Pressure Risk Assessment Scale was utilized to assess pressure sore risk. It is consists of 8 subscales which reflect sensory perception, skin moisture, activity, mobility, friction and shear, nutritional status, body temperature, and amount of medications(analgesics and sedatives). The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The incidence of pressure sores in total sample was 13 cases(43.3%) : 10 cases(76.9%) in control group, 3 cases(23.1%) in experimental group. the incidence rate of pressure sores in experimental group was significant lower than control group. 2. The sites of pressure scores development were 5 cases in trochanteric region, 4 cases in hip region, 2 cases in flank region, 1 cases in sacral region and 1 case in occipital region. Trochanteric region sores were not developed in experimental group. 3. The mean hospitalized period before pressure sores development were 7.3 day in experimental group and 4.1 day in control group. According to the results from this study, suggestions are as follows ; 1. Development of device which enable to keep 30degree laterally inclined position for 2 hours is needed. 2. It is necessary to study variously and objectively usefulness of 30degree laterally inclined position change which is applied to the other pressure risk assessment scale.
Body Temperature ; Femur ; Friction ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intensive Care Units* ; Critical Care* ; Nutritional Status ; Pressure Ulcer* ; Risk Assessment ; Sacrococcygeal Region ; Seoul ; Skin

No abstract available.
Erythroblastosis, Fetal* ; Infant, Newborn

Empathy is an essential factor for establishing therapeutic relationship. Especially for pediatric nursing, the nurses need to know how to perceive children's feeling and thought and to express her understanding about them affectively. So, empathy is considered as an important concept in pediatric nursing. This study was attempted to measure the empathic ability of pediatric nurses by pediatric nurse and mothers of hospitalized children. The subject of this study consisted of 83 pediatric nurses and 106 mothers of hospitalized children in 4 hospitals in Seoul and 1 hospital in Kyung-Gi. Data were collected from Jan. 14 to Feb. 6, 1997, by the questionnaire method. The instrument for this study was the Empathic Construct Rating Scale : ECRS(60-item, 5 point scale). Data Were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Pediatric nurses perceived their empathic ability to be moderately high(Mn=3.71) The level of perceived empathic ability of the pediatric nurses showed no significance by general characteristics. 2. The mothers of hospitalized children perceived nurses' empathic ability to be moderate(Mn=3.27). The level of perceived nurses' empathic ability of the mothers of hospitalized children showed significant differences by the experience of hospitalization of the children and the age of the mothers. 3. The perceived nurses' empathic ability of the mothers was significantly low than of the pediatric nurses(t=6.50, P<.001). From the above results, it can be concluded. that the empathic ability of the pediatric nurses is not sufficient for caring children and mothers efficiently. So, the pediatric nurses' empathic ability is needed to improve through facilitative relationship training as refreshment in-service education program.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Education ; Empathy* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mothers ; Pediatric Nursing ; Seoul ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Improvements in therapy have resulted in increasing numbers of children being successfully treated for cancer. However the aggressiveness of therapy & uncertainty about prognosis are associated with many adverse effects, psychological as well as physical for both the child & family. The purpose of this study were to measure the degree of perceived uncertainty, self-efficacy & coping, and then to examine the relationship between the perceived uncertainty, self-efficacy & coping in parents of children cancer patients. The subjects of this study consist of 140 parents with pediatric cancer, registered at pediatric cancer ward & Out Patient Department. Data was collected from July 1st to August 15th 1998. The tools used in this study were Mishel's the Parents' Perception of Uncertainty Scale(28item, 4 likert scale), Shere's Self-Efficacy Scale)17item, 5 likert scale) & Folkman & Lazarus Ways of Coping Checklist)34 items, 4 likert scale). Data was analyzed by t-test, Anova, Pearson Correlation co-efficient. Results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Parents perceived their uncertainty to be slightly high(Mn 2.41). The degree of perceived uncertainty by the four components were followed as : lack of clarity(2.60), unpredictability(2.59), ambiguity(2.51) & lack of information(1.90). The degree of perceived uncertainty of parents with pediatric cancer revealed to be influenced significantly by the family outcome, reliability about health care provider & perceived severity of illness. 2. The range of parents' self-efficacy was measured from 35 to 85 point, so revealed slightly high. The degree of self-efficacy related to be influenced significantly by the sequency of child birth, family religion & degree of perceived support. 3. The degree of parents' coping was measured slightly high(Mn 2.78). The degree of coping related to be influenced significantly by the sequency of child birth, number of sible & degree of perceived support. 4. parents' uncertainty was related inversely to the parents' self-efficacy(r=-.38, p<.001) & coping(r=-.26, p<.001). And also parents' self-efficacy was positively related to coping(r=.56, p<.001). From the above results, it can be concluded that predicting & controlling parents' uncertainty with children cancer are necessary to improve positive coping strategies. This information may be used as a foundation for developing nursing interventions to decrease perceived uncertainty & to foster self-efficacy & coping for parents with children cancer.
Child* ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Nursing ; Parents ; Parturition ; Prognosis ; Uncertainty* ; Child Health

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 12 mothers who have cared for a child who had chronic illness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 34 concepts were identified as a result of analyzing the grounded data. Ten categories were lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, negative change, anxiety, devotion, normalization and burn-out. Causal conditions included : lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity and change ; central phenomena : anxiety, being perplexed ; context : seriousness of illness, support ; intervening condition : belief ; action/interaction strategies : devotion, overprotection ; consequences : normalization, burn-out. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-anxiety. The process of experiencing uncertainty was 1) Entering the world of uncertainty, 2) Struggling in the tunnel of uncertainty, 3) Reconstruction of the situation of uncertainty. Four hypotheses were derived from the analysis : (1) The higher the lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, change, the higher the level of uncertainty (2) The more serious the illness and the less the support, the higher the level of uncertainty. (3) The positive believes will influence the devoted care and normalization of the family life. Through this substantive theory, pediatric nurses can understand the process of experiencing maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other uncertainties may contribute to a formal theory of how normalization is achieved in the family with chronically ill child.
Anxiety ; Child ; Chronic Disease* ; Humans ; Mothers ; Qualitative Research ; Research Personnel ; Tape Recording ; Uncertainty* ; Child Health

This study was performed on 50 cases of primary breast cancer removed surgically during the period 1990~1991 and compared the results of four morphologic methods developed for the detection of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, monoclonal antibody PCNA immunoreactivity, and the mean number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions(mAgNORs) to ascertain the prognostic significance and also to detect highly malignant heterogenous cancer. To determine the validity of these measurements, a variance analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA. The results showed that the significant correlation between histologic grade and ER/PR status(P=0.005/P=0.015), the borderline significant correlation between mAgNORs and ER/PR status(P=0.08), and between AgNORs and stage(P=0.07), PCNA has no correlation with ER/PR status(P=0.25), clinical stage and histologic grade. In follow up, four cases of invasive ductal carcinoma with ER/PR, developed early and rapid metastasis within 2 years, three of them were classified as histologic grade 3 and another case was grade 2, whereas two of them were classified ans stage III(+) and the rest were in stage IIB(+) and stage IIA(-). The mAgNOR count of these four cases were ranged from 3.32 to 4.29 which were in the aneuploid category most likely. One of them had rather stormy rapid course with multiple organ metastases resulting death within one year. These results indicated that ductal carcinoma(>2cm size) with ER-/PR- and high mAgNOR level or high PCNA grade, and hihg histologic grade had h highly malignant course, marked by rapidly developing metastases. Thus we concluded that the status of ER/PR alone in tumor tissue is an important information for selecting hormone treatment btu, for the ultimate prognosis, is a weak indicator. Therefore for early detection of such heterogenous tumor, besides ER/PR, AgNORs or PCNA, histologic grade and tumor size are very useful as biological indicators of prognosis. The status ER/PR in combination with these indicators are more accurate and provide better basis on which to base a decision for early implementation of chemotherapy from which to give probably benefit by inhibition of rapid progress.
Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Breast Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Hypertension* ; Quality of Life*

This study was performed for the comparison of the therapeutic efficiency between 6-month (2tHER/4HER) and 9-month (9HER) short-course chemotherapy under the programe conditions for pulmonary tuberculosis in terms of sputum AFB negative conversion rate, remedial interruption rate and cost effectiveness analysis. Two hundreds and ninty three patients treated with 9HER and 641 treated with 2HERZ/4HER had been discharged from 22 health centers in Seoul from May 1, 1993 to April 30, 1994. Seven hundreds and seventeen was subsequently analysed excluding 217 patients due to remedial interruption. The results: 1. Bacteriological negative conversion rate in 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 97.8% and 96.4% respectively (p>0.05). But the early treatment period, negative conversion rate in 2HERZ/4HER regimen was very higher than in 9HER regimen(p<0.01). 2. Remedial interruption rate for 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 34.1% and 13.6% respectively. The primary reason for the interruption was transfering to other clinics and this interruption was high within 3months. 3. Cost effectiveness for 2HERZ/4HER regimen was higher than 9HER regimen. The difference cost effectiveness ratio was 2.33 at the first sputum test and 1.69 at the last sputum test.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Seoul* ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*