In an attempt ultrastructural study of alcohol-induced gastric mucosal change, we selected sixty Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were administrated with 4 ml of 10% and 40% ethanol enterically and examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the thickness of the mucus layer of both 10% and 40% ethanol groups was decreased. The antral mucosa revealed focal inflammatory infiltrates, disturbed glandular arrangements, and significant decrease of mucosal thichness and proper glands. On scanning electron microscopy, flattened or swollen mucosal epithelium and irregularly distributed gastric pits were seen in both experimental groups, and these changes were more severe in the groups of higher concentration and longer duration. On transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial abnormalities with myelin-like materials and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic blebs were observed. Also the mucus cells show significantly decreased mucus globules, increased fat vacuoles, and large autophagic vacuoles. These alterations were similar to those produced by ethanol in the liver and small intestine. This study indicates that, prolonged administration of ethanol induced chronic gastritis, especially chronic atrophic gastritis.
Rats ; Animals

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify awareness levels in regard to preconception care and gender differences targeting single undergraduate students in their 20s. METHODS: The study participants were 867 single undergraduate students aged 20~29 (523 women, 344 men). This was a descriptive research, in which awareness levels of preconception care and pregnancy were identified the through questionnaire surveys. RESULTS: Gender differences in the awareness of reproductive care before conception were found. Generally, women's awareness of issues related to preconception care and pregnancy was higher than that of men. Women recognized risk factors in pregnancy (chi2=22.85, p<.001) and positive behaviors (chi2=10.91, p = .012) better than men. Women's awareness of preconception care was significantly higher than that of men (t=8.37, p<.001). The awareness levels of the students who completed a reproduction related class (t=3.16, p = .002) and the students who knew about folic acid (t=-10.78, p<.001) in preconception care were statistically significantly higher. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the ways to educate and alert students to major risk factors before pregnancy and other reproductive care content before conception is to provide education both single women and single men.
Education ; Female ; Fertilization ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Preconception Care* ; Pregnancy* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproduction ; Risk Factors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.
Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Child ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Pamphlets ; Phosphorus ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Snacks ; Zinc

The purpose of this study was to dcvclop nd test the validity of standardized Korean nome clature based on Nursing Intervention Classi ications (MC), developed by McCloskey and Bul chek at the University of Iowa, The four phases of the study were 1. Two professors and 15 graduate stude ts, who were taking a nursing intervention cours, translated the 433 nursing interventions of IC into Korean 2. 12 nurses with various clinical bac rounds reviewed the nomenclature, taking into nsider ation the definition and activities for each Korean nursing intervention. The Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each intervention ~. 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate 4. five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing intei veiition of NIC system. Most nomenclature had a score of more than 4.0, but seven nursing interventions had a score lower than 4.0: Critical Path Development (2.71), Calming Technique ~3.4l), Grief Work Facilitation (3.44), Order Transcription (3.44), Self Modification Assistance (3.44), and Teaching Psycho-motor Skills (3.47). These research results will be included in the nursing vocabulary dictionary to be published by Korean Nurses Association.
Critical Pathways ; Grief ; Iowa ; Nursing ; Vocabulary ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The inhibitory effect of rice(Oryza sartiva L., illpumbyeo) against mutagenicity induced by tryptophan pyrolysates were investigated using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. Both methanol extracts of obtained from brown and white rice were found to possess strong activites of inhibiting the mutagenicities of 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyriod[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-2) on Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. As the concentration of methanol extract increased, inhibitory effect on mutagenicity increased but reached at steady state as inhibition rate of 90% when the concentration was above 10mg/plate. There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in inhibitory effect of methanol extracts between brown and white rice against tryptophan pyrolysates.
Methanol ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Tryptophan*

Exogenous lipold pneumonia is an unusual disease resulting from aspiration of oil particles. A history of oil ingestion strongly suggests the diagnosis, but the radiological presentation varies from mild perihilar consolidation to diffuse and extensive bilateral involvement, particularly of the posterior basal segment of both lower lung(l). Since magnetic resonance(MR) provides greater contrast resolution than CT, it offers the potential for tissue characterization. In particular, fatty tissue and lipid containing substances are known to have high signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) images. We report MR findings in two case of exogenous lipold pneumonia caused by ingestion of shark liver oil(Squalene).
Adipose Tissue ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Liver ; Pneumonia* ; Sharks

The purpose of this study was to collect basic information for the development of information interchange infrastructure of health research and development library in Korea. Domestic data was collected via mail and telephone survey and site visit of information producing and distributing organizations and agencies in the health related field. Data was analyzed and tabulated using descriptive statistics. Research and development activities of the National Library of Medicine were examined using materials posted on the internet. Content of data was reviewed and summarized. It was found that we lack a standardized Korean medical subject headings for the medical librarians to refer when indexing an article written in Korean. And most of academic societies lack a standardized vocaburary system for their members to refer when wrting an article.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Humans ; Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems ; Internet ; Korea ; Librarians ; Medical Subject Headings ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Postal Service ; Telephone

PURPOSE: This research was conducted to investigate perceived health status, health promoting behaviors and depression level in Korean and foreign students at women's university. METHODS: The sample group of this study consists of 100 Korean students at a women's university and 98 foreign students from China and Vietnam who were enrolled at the same university in G City. The research results were analyzed using the SAS program (Version 8.2) with Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and t-test. RESULTS: 1) The Korean students showed a significantly higher score in drinking and smoking than foreign students. Also, age, religion, part time job, stress and allowance were significantly different between the two groups. 2) The foreign students showed a significantly higher score in perceived health status and health promoting behavior than the Korean students. 3) The foreign students showed a significantly higher score in depression than the Korean students. CONCLUSION: In the development of health programs for foreign students, it is necessary to focus on reducing depression and to consider the traditions of their own countries. It is desired to conduct further study about health promoting behavior and factors affecting health with respect to the countries where the foreign students originated.
China ; Depression* ; Drinking ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vietnam

Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is a genetic disorder due to androgen insensitivity of the target organs. The most common clinical presentation of complete TFS is inguinal hernia in the infant or primary amenorrhea in the adolescence. A 7-year old phenotypically female patient was seen with a complaint of a right inguinal mass. Under the diagnosis of right inguinal hernia, high ligation was performed. Six months later, the patient showed a left inguinal mass. On operation, the mass looked like a testis. The external genitalia were normal female, but a uterus and ovary were not identified. Chromosome study showed a 46, XY karyotype and the levels of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were increased after HCG stimulation. The patient was diagnosed as complete TFS and underwent bilateral gonadectomy 6 months later.
Adolescent ; Amenorrhea ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Dihydrotestosterone ; Female ; Genitalia ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Infant ; Karyotype ; Ligation ; Male ; Ovary ; Testis ; Testosterone ; Uterus

Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is a genetic disorder due to androgen insensitivity of the target organs. The most common clinical presentation of complete TFS is inguinal hernia in the infant or primary amenorrhea in the adolescence. A 7-year old phenotypically female patient was seen with a complaint of a right inguinal mass. Under the diagnosis of right inguinal hernia, high ligation was performed. Six months later, the patient showed a left inguinal mass. On operation, the mass looked like a testis. The external genitalia were normal female, but a uterus and ovary were not identified. Chromosome study showed a 46, XY karyotype and the levels of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were increased after HCG stimulation. The patient was diagnosed as complete TFS and underwent bilateral gonadectomy 6 months later.
Adolescent ; Amenorrhea ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Dihydrotestosterone ; Female ; Genitalia ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Infant ; Karyotype ; Ligation ; Male ; Ovary ; Testis ; Testosterone ; Uterus