In an attempt ultrastructural study of alcohol-induced gastric mucosal change, we selected sixty Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were administrated with 4 ml of 10% and 40% ethanol enterically and examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the thickness of the mucus layer of both 10% and 40% ethanol groups was decreased. The antral mucosa revealed focal inflammatory infiltrates, disturbed glandular arrangements, and significant decrease of mucosal thichness and proper glands. On scanning electron microscopy, flattened or swollen mucosal epithelium and irregularly distributed gastric pits were seen in both experimental groups, and these changes were more severe in the groups of higher concentration and longer duration. On transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial abnormalities with myelin-like materials and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic blebs were observed. Also the mucus cells show significantly decreased mucus globules, increased fat vacuoles, and large autophagic vacuoles. These alterations were similar to those produced by ethanol in the liver and small intestine. This study indicates that, prolonged administration of ethanol induced chronic gastritis, especially chronic atrophic gastritis.
Rats ; Animals

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify awareness levels in regard to preconception care and gender differences targeting single undergraduate students in their 20s. METHODS: The study participants were 867 single undergraduate students aged 20~29 (523 women, 344 men). This was a descriptive research, in which awareness levels of preconception care and pregnancy were identified the through questionnaire surveys. RESULTS: Gender differences in the awareness of reproductive care before conception were found. Generally, women's awareness of issues related to preconception care and pregnancy was higher than that of men. Women recognized risk factors in pregnancy (chi2=22.85, p<.001) and positive behaviors (chi2=10.91, p = .012) better than men. Women's awareness of preconception care was significantly higher than that of men (t=8.37, p<.001). The awareness levels of the students who completed a reproduction related class (t=3.16, p = .002) and the students who knew about folic acid (t=-10.78, p<.001) in preconception care were statistically significantly higher. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the ways to educate and alert students to major risk factors before pregnancy and other reproductive care content before conception is to provide education both single women and single men.
Education ; Female ; Fertilization ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Male ; Preconception Care* ; Pregnancy* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproduction ; Risk Factors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.
Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Child ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Pamphlets ; Phosphorus ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Snacks ; Zinc

The purpose of this study was to dcvclop nd test the validity of standardized Korean nome clature based on Nursing Intervention Classi ications (MC), developed by McCloskey and Bul chek at the University of Iowa, The four phases of the study were 1. Two professors and 15 graduate stude ts, who were taking a nursing intervention cours, translated the 433 nursing interventions of IC into Korean 2. 12 nurses with various clinical bac rounds reviewed the nomenclature, taking into nsider ation the definition and activities for each Korean nursing intervention. The Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each intervention ~. 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate 4. five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing intei veiition of NIC system. Most nomenclature had a score of more than 4.0, but seven nursing interventions had a score lower than 4.0: Critical Path Development (2.71), Calming Technique ~3.4l), Grief Work Facilitation (3.44), Order Transcription (3.44), Self Modification Assistance (3.44), and Teaching Psycho-motor Skills (3.47). These research results will be included in the nursing vocabulary dictionary to be published by Korean Nurses Association.
Critical Pathways ; Grief ; Iowa ; Nursing ; Vocabulary ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Most of health care professional obtain and update their new knowledge and skills through continuing education. Nurses who works three shifts per day are not easy to attend continuing education session usually offered during their working hours. One of solutions to this problem would be to develop a education program which does not limit time and place. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a web-based continuing education program, to help nurse improve their knowledge of transfusion therapy and medical law, and to enhance their ability to contribute to the quality of patient care. A wide range of contents regarding transfusion therapy are covered extensively, concentration on principles of transfusion therapy and administration of whole blood and blood components, transfusion reactions. In the medical law, contents on Korean law in general, medical law, history of revision of medical law, nursing related medical laws are covered, Many color illustrations have been included to help nurses learning process. Each unit has a set of multiple choice questions to provide feedback to nurses. Two sets of questionnaires were used for this study. First, a questionnaire was administered to 21 nurses to collect information on their general characteristics, opinions of inservice and continuing education, and experiences of using computer and internet before they were exposed to the program. Second, another questionnaire was administered to 21 nurses after they were exposed to the program. They were asked to evaluate program in terms of its easiness of use, contents and ways of presenting contents, and usefulness of program for learning. The program generally was well received by the nurses. The program is a useful adjunct to the existing continuing education program. It also could be used in nursing student education and other health sciences.
Blood Group Incompatibility ; Delivery of Health Care ; Education* ; Education, Continuing ; Humans ; Internet* ; Jurisprudence ; Learning ; Multimedia* ; Nursing ; Patient Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing ; Teaching Materials*

OBJECTIVES: There are 3 subtypes of natriuretic peptide (NP) receptors: type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPRA), NPRB, and NPRC. The NPRA gene polymorphism, consisting of substition of methionine (ATG) to isoleucine (ATC) at nucleotide 1023 (M341I) of exon 3 was revealed to be associated with increased risk for essential hypertension (EH) in Japanese people. The purpose of this study is to investigate association between EH and the M341I polymorphism in the NPRA gene in Korea. METHODS: Eighty patients in whom type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured were enrolled in this study. 66 patients had EH and 14 patients did not. The polymorphism of M341I was evaluated by multiplex genotyping polymerase chain reaction and by sequencing analysis. RESULTS: The overall distribution of alleles was not significantly different between the control and EH groups. However, the C/C homozygous genotype was found only in the EH group. In the EH group, patient carrying the C/C homozygous genotype had the trend of having higher systolic and diastolic BP levels regardless of the previous treatment, even though other laboratory markers including BNP levels had no significant differences according to the genotypes. CONCLUSION: This would be meaningful for the first identification of the M341I polymorphism in the NPRA gene and for the first suggestion of association of the EH with it in Korea.
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Exons ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Isoleucine ; Korea ; Lifting ; Methionine ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Peptide ; Biomarkers

This study was carried out to investigate the mechanisms of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis of rats after the intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Both lungs after bleomycin injection were examined by light and electron microscopy. The results are as follows: Light microscopically, 1 or 2 weeks after bleomycin injection acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates and edema in the interstitium and alveolar spaces were observed. Proliferation of alveolar type II pneumocytes was also found at 4 to 6 weeks after bleomycin injection, chronic inflammatory infiltrates with interstitial fibrous thickening were noted. Electron microscopically, the number of type II pneumocytes and irregular lamellar bodies were increased and blunted microvilli were noted at 2 weeks. 4 to 8 weeks, proliferation of fibroblasts with deposition of abundant collagen fibrils in the thickened interstitium revealing irregular or collapsed alveolar spaces were observed. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that bleomycin-induced interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is considered to pass from an early acute inflammation of the interstitium and alveolar spaces to an interstitial fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition to the length of the period after injection.
Rats ; Animals

BACKGROUNDS: Though K-ADL was developed and validated, weighting each item of K-ADL is needed to evaluate the severity of functional disability as a whole. METHODS: Nominal group technique was used to weight individual items of K-ADL. Relevant experts were recruited; one specialist in geriatrics, one expert in elderly health service, one doctor expert in questionnarie, one nurse and two social welfare workers and one caregiver who work in nursing home for elderly, one nurse working at dementia care center. At the first round, each expert assigned the weights of each item. At the second round, those experts met, discussed, and re-evaluated each weighting. Using the newly developed weighted score, we measured its validity compared to brain-disability grade and three experts' decision of severe dysfunction. RESULTS: For inability to perform task, 7 points were given to 'dressing'and 'washing face', 6 points to 'bathing', 9 points to 'feeding', 8 points to 'transfer and toileting'. If any assistance is needed, 7 points were scored to 'dressing', 4 points were scored to 'washing face', 'feeding', 'transfer' and 'toileting', 2 points were scored to 'dressing'. Correlation coefficient between weighted K-ADL sum and brain-disability grade was -0.665(p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: We assigned differential weighting to each of K-ADL and found that summing weighted K-ADL was excellent in some validity test.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Dementia ; Geriatrics ; Health Services ; Humans ; Nursing Homes ; Social Welfare ; Specialization ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: The development of decision support systems for nursing has been limited by difficulties in defining and representing the nursing knowledge base and by a lack of knowledge about how nurses make decisions. However, the current trends suggest that many of the formidable technological and conceptual challenges associated with representing nursing knowledge can be overcome, and that decision support systems developed using knowledge engineering can be used to significantly improve nursing practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic nursing decision support system for inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of applying a knowledge engineering approach to its development. METHODS: To acquire the relevant knowledge, a literature review was used to iteratively establish nursing diagnoses and clinical assessment criteria. Twenty-five NANDA diagnoses and 145 clinical assessment variables were structured into a criteria table used as the knowledge base for a prototype system. To investigate the responses of nurses to knowledge presentation, 27 nurses from inpatient and ambulatory settings and the graduate course of nursing informatics were recruited and a scenario-based preliminary evaluation was performed. RESULTS: A prototype for inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was developed as a Web-based stand-alone system. It automatically generated suggested nursing problem lists based on the input data, and also provided detailed explanatory information for each item on the list. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of the development approach used and discuss the users' impressions of the system.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Knowledge Bases ; Nursing Diagnosis ; Nursing Informatics ; Nursing*

The inhibitory effect of rice(Oryza sartiva L., illpumbyeo) against mutagenicity induced by tryptophan pyrolysates were investigated using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. Both methanol extracts of obtained from brown and white rice were found to possess strong activites of inhibiting the mutagenicities of 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyriod[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-2) on Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. As the concentration of methanol extract increased, inhibitory effect on mutagenicity increased but reached at steady state as inhibition rate of 90% when the concentration was above 10mg/plate. There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in inhibitory effect of methanol extracts between brown and white rice against tryptophan pyrolysates.
Methanol ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Tryptophan*