This study was performed for the comparison of the therapeutic efficiency between 6-month (2tHER/4HER) and 9-month (9HER) short-course chemotherapy under the programe conditions for pulmonary tuberculosis in terms of sputum AFB negative conversion rate, remedial interruption rate and cost effectiveness analysis. Two hundreds and ninty three patients treated with 9HER and 641 treated with 2HERZ/4HER had been discharged from 22 health centers in Seoul from May 1, 1993 to April 30, 1994. Seven hundreds and seventeen was subsequently analysed excluding 217 patients due to remedial interruption. The results: 1. Bacteriological negative conversion rate in 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 97.8% and 96.4% respectively (p>0.05). But the early treatment period, negative conversion rate in 2HERZ/4HER regimen was very higher than in 9HER regimen(p<0.01). 2. Remedial interruption rate for 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 34.1% and 13.6% respectively. The primary reason for the interruption was transfering to other clinics and this interruption was high within 3months. 3. Cost effectiveness for 2HERZ/4HER regimen was higher than 9HER regimen. The difference cost effectiveness ratio was 2.33 at the first sputum test and 1.69 at the last sputum test.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Seoul* ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

PURPOSE: Fragile X syndrome is an X-llinked genetic disorder and is characterized by mental retardation, learning disability, behavior disorder, and autism with typical elongated face, large ears, and macro-orchidism. Recent reports have focused attention on the EEG finding of this syndrome, which is a particular paroxysmal pattern during sleep (mono or diphasic centrotemporal spikes) and awake state (background slowing). In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of fragile X syndrome patients and observed whether a particular EEG pattern is associated with this syndrome or not. METHODS: 7 cases of fragile X syndrome, diagnosed at Sowha Children's Hospital and Cha General Hospital from August 1993 to February 1995, were analyzed retrospectively in terms of typical phenotypes and clinical & EEG characteristics. The patients were diagnosed by Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: 1) The subjects were all male and the mean age was 5.8 years old (2Y-11Y). 2) Typical phenotype of long elongated face, macro-orchidism, large ears, and large head are noted in 2/3 of the subject. 3) Developmental delay, mental retardation, learning disability, attention deficit, hyperactivity, and autism are noted in 2/3 of the subject. 4) Seizure is noted in one case and EEG was performed in 6 cases, regardless of the presence of seizures. Abnormal findings including centrotemporal sharps and background slowing are noted in one case, each. 5) By molecular diagnostic methods including Southern blotting and PCR, 3 cases of affected male and 4 of normal transmitting male were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The typical phenotype of fragile X syndrome is long elongated face, macro-orchidism, large ears and large head. 2) The non-physical characteristics of fragile X syndrome are developmental delay, mental retardation, learning disability, attention deficit, hyperactivity, and autism. 3) The characteristic EEG findings of fragile X syndrome known by literature are noted in 2 among 6 cases, which means the specificity is high even though the sensitivity is low. This allows us to propose this EEG pattern as an important "marker" in the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. However, the number of the subject is too small to conclude now. Further accumulation of cases is reguired.
Autistic Disorder ; Blotting, Southern ; Diagnosis ; Ear ; Electroencephalography* ; Fragile X Syndrome* ; Head ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Learning Disorders ; Male ; Pathology, Molecular ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The purpose of this study was examine the general characteristics of relapsed pulmonary tuberculous patients (i.e. age, sex, weight, occupation, previous forms of treatment, drug sensitivity, and the frequency of relapse) in order to improve future treatments of tuberculosis as well as to perpetuate health education. The data was obtained from the medical records of 186 relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered for treatment at various public health officers in Seoul during the year of 1994. The major findings obtained from the study were as follows; l) The male to female ratio of relapsed pulmonary tuberculous patients was about 7:3, more specifically 23.7% of the men and 30.9% of the women were between 20 and 29 years of age. 2) Comparing initial less aggravated states to relapsed states, patients with minimal x-ray findings later proved moderately advanced X-ray findings. Furthermore, patients with negative sputum AEB findings later proved positive sputum AFB findings. 3) of the l86 patients studied, 91.9% suffered, relapse and 8.1% suffered 2 or more relapses. Of the patients who suffered at least 1 relapse, 54.8% received short-term treatment, 26.9% received long-term treatment, and 18.3% received treatment of an unknown during their initial tuberculosis treatment periods. 4) Fifty five point four percent of the patients had no reaction to the drug treatment(not available), 25.9% of the patients had sensitive reaction to the drug treatment, 18.7% of the patients had resistant reaction to the drug treatment. Drug resistance was higher in patients to exhibited positive X-ray findings as well as in patients that exhibited positive sputum findings furthermore, patients receiving treatment of an unknown nature(35.5%) exhibited higher drug resistance than those receiving short-term treatment(13.6%) and long-term treatment(l7.0%). 5) Of the 160 patients who suffered relapses, 8.8% suffered a relapse within 1 year after treatment and 91.2% suffered a relapse at least 1 year after treatment. Furthermore, our study showed that women, under 30, who received short-term treatment and encounterd complications during their primary treatment suffered relapses faster than any other groups studied. In addition, minimal X-ray findings and sputum AFB findings were not correlated to the time relapse occurred. Therefore, the greater efforts are needed to prevent relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis.
Drug Resistance ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Records ; Occupations ; Public Health* ; Recurrence ; Seoul* ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a case management program on self-efficacy, depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients who enrolled in a diabetes outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=19) or a control group (n=18). The experimental group received a 2-week intervention composed of a series of one face-to-face interactive interview and five telephone interviews based on the National standards for diabetes self-management education and Bandura's self-efficacy resources of performance accomplishment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. The effects of the intervention were assessed by completion of a 9-item self-efficacy questionnaire, a 20-item depression questionnaire and a 20-item anxiety questionnaire prior to, and after the intervention. The statistical significances were examined using t-test. RESULTS: The change in self-efficacy was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Depression and anxiety changes in the experimental group were significantly greater compared to those in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of study suggest that a case management program improves self-efficacy, and decreases depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Anxiety ; Arousal ; Case Management ; Depression ; Diabetes, Gestational ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Persuasive Communication ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Care

PURPOSE: To evaluate potential usefulness of dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI in the diagnosis of HgCI2 induced acute tubular necrosis of rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen rabbits were used as control group, and 14 rabbits and 12 rabbits were used as acute tubular necrosis groups of 24 hours and 48 hours after HgCI2 injection, respectively. Sequential dynamic MR imagings were acquired using Gd-DTPA(0.25mmol/kg), and time-signal intensity curves were obtained from cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla. RESULTS: In control group, a dark band, which reflects concentrated Gd-DTPA, migrated from cortex to inner medulla of the kidney, and the ratio of the signal intensity of post Gd-DTPA injection to the signal intensity of pre Gd-DTPA injection(RSI) decreased below 1 at 13sec and 26sec (mean:17 +/- 6.2sec) in cortex, at 52sec (mean :52sec) in outer medulla, and after 117sec(mean :112 +/- 33.9sec) in inner medulla of the kidney. In acute tubular necrosis group of 24 hours after HgCI2 injection, the dark band did not appear and signal intensity in cortex and medulla increased diffusely, and RSI increased above 1 in all locations. In acute tubular necrosis group of 48 hours after HgCI2 injection, the dark band appeared only in the cortex and no sign of migration was observed, and RSI is little changed except in cortex at 13sec(0.76 +/- 0.05) and 26sec(0.86 +/- 0.06). There were statistically significant differences in the time-RSI curves among cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla in study groups, respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI of the kidney could be utilized to evaluate both renal structure and functional changes.
Diagnosis ; Gadolinium DTPA* ; Kidney ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Necrosis* ; Rabbits*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between fatigue and work-related factors in workers. METHODS: A total of 204 subjects aged between 21 and 59 were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected with a self-reported questionnaire from May 20 to 31, 2011. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 17.0. RESULTS: Difference in fatigue according to general characteristics was significant according to duty type. Difference in fatigue according to occupational characteristics was significant according to work intensity, work speed, demand of work concentration, work space, physical environment, largest weight by hands, vibration, visual demand of work, difficulty of work practice, work stress, and rest hours in holiday. There was a positive correlation between fatigue and occupational characteristics. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that educational level, work intensity, and rest hours in holiday were the strongest factors associated with fatigue (R2=.363 p<.001). These factors explained fatigue by 36.3%. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study may be useful in understanding workers' fatigue and developing more specific fatigue relief programs.
Fatigue* ; Hand ; Holidays ; Occupations ; Vibration ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between fatigue and work-related factors in workers. METHODS: A total of 204 subjects aged between 21 and 59 were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected with a self-reported questionnaire from May 20 to 31, 2011. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 17.0. RESULTS: Difference in fatigue according to general characteristics was significant according to duty type. Difference in fatigue according to occupational characteristics was significant according to work intensity, work speed, demand of work concentration, work space, physical environment, largest weight by hands, vibration, visual demand of work, difficulty of work practice, work stress, and rest hours in holiday. There was a positive correlation between fatigue and occupational characteristics. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that educational level, work intensity, and rest hours in holiday were the strongest factors associated with fatigue (R2=.363 p<.001). These factors explained fatigue by 36.3%. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study may be useful in understanding workers' fatigue and developing more specific fatigue relief programs.
Fatigue* ; Hand ; Holidays ; Occupations ; Vibration ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on osteoarthritis in Korean. METHOD: Data from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANESIV-3, 2009) were obtained, and 1,116 subjects who responded certainly yes or no to the question for osteoarthritis were selected. Data were analyzed chi2-test, t-test, and binary logistic regression using the SPSS V18.0. RESULTS: Significant differences in gender, age, menopause, weight, BMI, frequency of walk, days of flexibility exercise, days of strength training, and limitation of activity were found between subjects with osteoarthritis and non-osteoarthritis. Age and BMI were found to be risk factors for osteoarthritis in Korean. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that nursing intervention should include weight control program for the obesity patient in order to reduce the prevalence of osteoarthritis.
Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Menopause ; Obesity ; Osteoarthritis ; Pliability ; Prevalence ; Resistance Training ; Risk Factors

The vein of Galen malformation is a rare midline intracranial arteriovenous malformation. The majority of themalformations were seen in neonate, infancy and childhood, and the clinical symptoms and prognosis depended on ageof presentation. The authors report a case of the vein of Galen malformation in 17 month-old female withhydrocephalus, which is confirmed by CT and digital subtraction angiography.
Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Cerebral Veins ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; Prognosis ; Veins

No abstract available.
Preimplantation Diagnosis*