PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical features and causative organisms in febrile infants younger than three months, to help identification of high risk patients for serious bacterial infection (SBI). METHODS: A total of 313 febrile infants younger than three months, who had visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital from January 2008 to December 2010 were included. Clinical features, laboratory findings, causative organisms, and risk factors of SBI were analyzed by retrospective chart review. Causative bacterial or viral pathogens were identified by gram stain and cultures, rapid antigen tests, or the polymerase chain reaction from clinically reliable sources. RESULTS: Among 313 infants, etiologic organisms were identified in 127 cases (40.6%). Among 39 cases of bacterial infections, Escherichia coli (66.7%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (12.8%) were common. Enterovirus (33.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (19.8%), and rhinovirus (18.8%) were frequently detected in 88 cases of viral infection. Patients with SBI (39 cases) showed significantly higher values of the white blood cell count (14,473+/-6,824/mm3 vs. 11,254+/-5,775/mm3, P=0.002) and the C-reactive protein (6.32+/-8.51 mg/L vs. 1.28+/-2.35 mg/L, P<0.001) than those without SBI (274 cases). The clinical risk factors for SBI were the male (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.5-8.9), the presence of neurologic symptoms (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.4-16.8), and the absence of family members with respiratory symptoms (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2-11.3). CONCLUSION: This study identified common pathogens and risk factors for SBI in febrile infants younger than three months. These findings may be useful to guide management of febrile young infants.
Bacterial Infections ; C-Reactive Protein ; Enterovirus ; Escherichia coli ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinovirus ; Risk Factors ; Sepsis ; Streptococcus agalactiae

BACKGROUND: It is known that left ventricular(LV) wall motion is not uniform even in normal heart, and the restoring forces make phase differences between LV wall motion and mitral flow velocity during rapid filling period. METHOD: To investigate the regional nonuniformity and restoring forces in 46 patients with hypertension(HT)(group:normal wall thickiness.n=12,II:LVH with fractional shortening(FS)>25%. n=22. III:FS<25%.n=12). We measured the time intervals from A2 to peak thinning rate point of LV posterior wall(A2-(-)dpw/dt).to mitral flow starting point (IRT).and to peak mitral flow velocity(A2-E) by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: The noniformity((-)dpW/dt-dL/dt)and phase differance((-)dpw/dt-E) were increased in HT(control:HT.22+/-7.8 vs. 49+/-5.2msec, 63+/-4.5 vs, 86+/-6.2msec, p<0.05 respectively).In group comparison, nonuniformity increased in group II and III(group I: group II, III, 35+/-5.1 vs. 50+/-7.1,70+/-14msec, p<0.05 respectively). but phase difference increased only in group II(groupII: group I, III, 93+/-6.0 vs. 75+/-5.2, 80+/-20msec, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: We interpreted these data that in HT with hypertrophy or not, the nonuniformity of LV wall motion working on the restoring forces which can be expressed as phase difference between LV wall motion and mitral flow. But in HT with hypertensive heart failure group, no significant changes of phase difference and it's suggest that other mechanism could be also working on early diastolic filling.
Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: A regional wall motion nonuniformity and a phase difference between LV posterior wall motion and transmitral flow are present during normal rapid filling period and are thought to be an evidence for involvement of ventricular restoring forces. To assess the role of nonuniformity on diastolic funtional impairment of asymmetric septal hypertrophy(ASH), the time relations between left ventricular regional wall motions and filling velocity were studied. METHOD: We measured the time intervals from A2 to peak rate of LV posterior wall(short axis) thinning(A2-(-)dpw/dt), peak rate of medial mitral annulus (long axis dimension) lengthening(A2-dL/dt) and peak mitral flow(A2-E) by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. Result: In ASH patients, A2-(-)dpw/dt(106+/-6msec, mean SE) and the regional wall motion nonuniformity((-)dpw/dt-dL/dt, 89+/-11msec, mean SE) were increased significantly when compared with normal control values(88+/-4, 28+/-5msec, mean SE, p<0.01,respectively).In normal controls, peak mitral flow velocity lagged peak rate of regional wall motion, so the phase differences were present((-)dpw/dt-E :71+/-8msec, dL/dt-E:44+/-6msec). In ASH patients, (-)dpw/dt-E was present(90+/-16msec) but dL/dt-E was not present or reversed(-21+/-18 msec). So these chacteristic phase differences were disturbed. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that the relaxation nonuniformity of regional wall motion in ASH may act as an energy dissipating factor of restoring forces during rapid filling period.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic* ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Humans ; Relaxation

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Electrodes* ; Humans ; Neural Conduction*

The persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is not rare cardiovascular developmental anomaly occurring both in association with congenital heart disease and as an isolated anomaly of no hemodynamic importance. We have studied 73 cases of the LSCV out of 1,060 cases of congenital heart disease catheterized at Yonsei Cardiovascular Center. We conducted the study with a view point of position of the heart and abdominal organs and segmental analysis of the underlying congenital heart disease. We also analysed the associated extracardiac vascular anomalies. The following results were obtained: 1) The incidence of this anomaly among congenital heart disease was 6.9% and 41 cases(56.2%) had cyanosis. 2) We observed 20 cases(27.3%) with the malposition of the heart and 17 cases(23.3%) with malposition of the abdominal organs. The ventricular loops revealed D-loop in 60 cases, L-loop in 7 cases and in the remaining 6 cases, it was uncertain. 3) With a view point of type of LSVC by Lucas & Krabill, type A was in 50 cases(68.5%), type D in 14 cases(19.2%), type B in 5 cases(6.8%) and type C in 4 cases(5.5%). 4) Associated cardiovascular anomalies were as follows: ventricular septal defect; 42 cases(57.5%), atrial septal defect; 33 cases(45.2%), patent ductus arteriosus; 27 cases(36.9%), and tetralogy of Fallot; 18 cases(24.7%). In conclusion, LSVC usually has no hemodynamic importance, but this cardiac anomaly is frequently combined with complex intracardiac anomalies. Therefore, it is important to making accurate diagnosis and successful management for preventing the risk of it.
Catheters ; Classification* ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Hemodynamics ; Incidence ; Tetralogy of Fallot ; Vena Cava, Superior*

The antihypertensive effect of Doxazocin were evaluated in 20 patients with essential hypertension. Two to eight mg of Doxazocin per day were administered continuously for two or eight weeks. The results were as follows : 1) Doxazocin were effective in 18 out of 20 patients(90%) at the end of 8 weeks treatment. 2) The systolic blood pressure was signigicantly decreased(173+/-20mmHg VS 144+/-33mmHg, P+/-0.001), and the diastolic blood pressure was also decreased(110+/-10mmHg VS 93+/-19mmHg, P<0.01) after treatment. 3) Triglyceride showed a decreasing tendency but statistically significance was not observed. Total cholesteral, HDL-cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, and uric acid did not change significantly before and after treatment with Doxazocin. 4) The side effects were headache in one case and dizziness in to cases. These results suggest that Doxazocin is an effective antihypertensive agent and concerning lipid profile, further long term observation is needed.
Blood Pressure ; Creatinine ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Triglycerides ; Uric Acid

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and the efficacy of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, monotherapy in the treatment of moderate essential hypertension. METHOD: Amlodipine 5mg once a day was administered as a starting dose in 30 patients with essential hypertension in the morning and a one step upward titration was performed (amlodipine 10 mg once a day) was done at the end of 4weeks treatment. Final evaluation was done at 12weeks with laboratory test and echocardiogram. RESULT: Within 4weeks treatment with dose of 5mg amlodipine once a day, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was decreased(184.5+/-23.3/150.5+/-16.0mmHg,p<0.000), and the diastolic blood pressure(DBP) was also decreased significantly (109.9+/-04.6/92.3+/-11.5mmHg, P<0.001). After 12 weeks of treatment with a mean dosage of 6.6mg once a day, SBP and DBP was maintained comparing with basal level (147.0+/-15.8/88.1+/-0.9mmHg, respectively). The efficacy of amlodipine treatment was noted an excellent in 16 patients(53.3%), good in 4 patient(13.3%), fair in 4 patients(13.3%), and failed in 2 patients(6.7%). There was no significant change in heart rate before and after amlodipine treatment. (80.0+/-2.3/80.9+/-10.4 beats/minute n.s). Amlodipine had not significant effects on laboratory findings such as serum creatinine, BUN, ALT/AST, hemoglobin, leukocyte count,platelet and lipid profiles. There was facial flushing 2 patients, but no need to discontinue administration of amlodipine and all patients completed for 12weeks therapy. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that amlodipine is an effective antihypertensive agent, as monotherapy once a day in patients with moderate essential hypertension.
Amlodipine ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium ; Creatinine ; Flushing ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Leukocytes

Time intervals and indices of left ventricular diastolic filling were studied by M-mode and pulsed Doppler Echocardiography in 18 dilated cardiomyopathy patients. After one two hours captopril(capril(R)) 25mg medication. 1)Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Heart rate were significantly decreased. 2) Dimensions of LVSD, LVDD, LA, Aorta and EF were not changed measured by M-mode echocardiography. 3) IRT measured by M-mode and Pulsed Doppler echocardiography were significantly increased(45+/-33msec VS 74+/-35msec. 84+/-32msec VS 100+/-22msec P<0.05). 4) A2-E measured by M-mode and Pulsed Doppler echocardiography were significantly increased(114+/-45msec VS 134+/-46msec, 156+/-46msec VS 194+/-48msec, P<0.05). 5) Deceleration time was significantly increased(137+/-36msec VS 205+/-40msec P<0.05). 6) Transmitral peak flow velocities were not changed significantly. In summary captopril influences early diastolic time intervals with dilated cardiomyopathy patients and we interpreted these effects be beneficial on diastolic filling pattern.
Aorta ; Blood Pressure ; Captopril ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated* ; Deceleration ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed ; Heart Rate ; Humans

No abstract available.
Lung* ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula*