Estrogen and progesterone receptors exist in the epithelial and stromal cells of the endometrium. Proliferative disorders of the endometrium may be associated with autocrine and paracrine actions of estrogen and progesterone in epithelial and stromal cells. This study was performed to evaluate the differences estrogen and progesterone receptor(ER/PR) expression in the epithelial and stromal cells of endometrial hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemical methods. Immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) was done to evaluate a possible correlation between PCNA and hormone receptor expression. Evaluation was based on samples from 31 simple hyperplasias, 30 complex hyperplasias, and 32 adenocarcinomas. The immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR and PCNA in epithelial and stromal cells were examined according to a scoring system based on the percentage of positive cells and the staining intensity. The results were as follows; 1) The expression of ER and PR in epithelial cells showed a graded, significant decreases in simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma, in that order(ER: P=0.008, PR: P= 0.026). 2) PR expression in the stromal cells showed a significant decrease between hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma(P=0.003). The difference in ER expression was not significant. 3) In stromal cells, the decrease in PR expression was more prominent than the decrease in ER expression when complex hyperplasia was compared to simple hyperplasia. 4) The PCNA expression in simple and complex hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma was not higher than the expression of PCNA in nomal proliferative endometrium. There was no significant difference in PCNA expression between simple and complex hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma(P=0.073). 5) A negative correlation between PCNA and ER/PR expression was not demonstrated in simple and complex hyperplasia, or in adenocarcinoma. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma are probably related to a paracrine action of estrogen and progesterone in epithelial and stromal cells. A progressive loss of PR expression in stromal cells may induce abnormal proliferation of endometrium due to a disrupted hormonal balance.
Adenocarcinoma

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast*

Metabolic abnormalities and catheter-related infections are common complications of parenteral nutrition (PN). Particulate contamination is a catheter-related complication can occur when administering PN: mixing the electrolytes, trace elements, vitamins into the PN, or puncturing a rubber stopper at the PN formulation. In addition, the aggregation of the components of the PN solution by a drug incompatibility reaction could be related to particulate contamination. PN contaminated with precipitates, insoluble particles, and bacteria was reported as the cause of the death of a patient. The Food and Drug Administration recommended that the filters be used during PN administration. In-line filters can retain the bacteria and insoluble particles in PN solutions, and prevent their infusion into the patient. Therefore, in-line filters are recommended to prevent catheter-related complications that can occur during PN infusion. A 0.2µ filter for lipid-free PN and a 1.2µ filter for lipid-containing PN solutions can be used. On the other hand, when a filter is applied, the infusion rate can decrease and the economic burden will increase for patients requiring long-term PN. In addition, small particles, such as viruses, polymers, and proteins cannot be filtered out completely. In conclusion, in-line filers are recommended to prevent catheter-related complications that can occur during PN administration, but there are no international standardized guidelines. Therefore, standardized guidelines will be needed based on evidence accompanied by clinical trials. In addition, in-line filter applications should be considered in the clinical field depending on the patient's condition.
Bacteria ; Catheter-Related Infections ; Drug Incompatibility ; Electrolytes ; Filtration ; Hand ; Humans ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Polymers ; Rubber ; Trace Elements ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Vitamins

Fine needle aspiration cytologic findings in 14 cases of gynecomastia are described. General cytomorphologic features resemble those of fibrocystic disease in women than those of fibroadenoma. Among the cytologic parameters, three-dimensional structure of epithelial cell clusters, presence of micronucleoli and irregularities of nuclear size and shape are suggestive of epithelial proliferative activity. In addition, 4 cases are proliferative breast disease without atypia and 10 cases are nonproliferative breast disease depending on cytologic criteria grading system.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast Diseases ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Fibroadenoma ; Gynecomastia* ; Humans ; Male

A ‘collision’ tumor refers to the existence of two different neoplasms within the same tumor. Sometimes, the term ‘biphasic tumor’ is also used. However, a ‘collision’ tumor is defined as the occurrence of two neoplasms within proximity of each other yet maintaining distinctly defined, separate boundaries. In contrast, a ‘biphasic’ tumor demonstrates two or more phenotypically distinct neoplastic cell populations merging within the same space. Here, we report a case of collision tumor associated with sarcomatoid eccrine porocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma arising in a 57-year-old male patient.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Eccrine Porocarcinoma* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the experiences of critical care nurses caring for dying patients.METHOD: Eleven critical care nurses with experience in caring for dying patients were recruited from four tertiary hospitals. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted between November 2016 and March 2017. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to identify major themes and sub-themes that represented the experiences of critical care nurses.RESULTS: The following six themes, and twelve sub-themes, were identified: (1) the gap between expectation and reality, (2) a distorted meaning of death, (3) repeated emotional pain and stress, (4) finding a solution alone, (5) sublimation into mission and calling, and (6) integration into one's own life.CONCLUSION: This study found that critical care nurses experience various psychological difficulties while caring for dying patients, and they made efforts on their own to overcome them. These findings are expected to inform the development of specialized programs to support critical care nurses to tackle these challenges, create guidelines on caring for dying patients, and help promote death education.
Critical Care ; Education ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Methods ; Sublimation ; Tertiary Care Centers

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy in patients with the clinical findings of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis usually demonstrate crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrGN). It is characterized by mesangial immune complex deposits containing IgA and is rarely associated with ANCA. The following case report illustrates a CrGN with mesangial & capillary wall IgA deposits by immunofluorescence (IF) and mesangial & endocapillary electron dense deposits by electron microscopy (EM) in patient with positive ANCA serology. A 54-year-old male visited due to the discomfort of right flank. Blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg. BUN and serum Creatinine was 40 mg/dL, 4.4 mg/dL respectively. Urinalysis revealed protein 2+, >30 RBC's/ HPF (dysmorphic), 24hr urine protein 1,612 mg/day and creatinine clearance 19 mL/min/1.73m2. Serological P-ANCA was positive by indirect immunofluorescence & ELISA. The histologic findings showed global scleorsis and fibrocelluar crescent without hypercellularity on LM, mesangial IgA deposition on IF, mesangial and subendothelial electrone dense material depositions on EM. After treatment (Methylprednisolon 500 mg/day for 3 days and then prednisolone 60 mg/day), Serum creatinin level, proteinuria and ANCA titer were decreased.
Antibodies ; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic* ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Blood Pressure ; Capillaries ; Creatinine ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Middle Aged ; Prednisolone ; Proteinuria ; Urinalysis

No abstract available.
Radionuclide Imaging*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Scalp*

No abstract available.
Thyroid Diseases* ; Thyroid Gland*