Two hundreds fifty seven cases of normal mammogram were analysis for classification of types of breasts.Ranging from 20 to 79 years of age, mean age was 45 years. Two projections, craniocaudal & mediolateral, were used. Age, nutrient condition, familial tendency and hormonal factors influence to breats hisologically. Normalbreats were classified into the standard (9.75%), ductal (71.7%), glandular (6.2%) and atrophic (12.4%) types.Ductal type was further subclassified into intraductal, periductal and mixed types. Atrophic type was susbdividedinto fibrous and fatty, Standard type was observed in younger women, instead of atrophic type was seen in olderage group, especially after menopause. Periductal type was most common (65.4%), Glandular type was mostly intwenty to thirty year group. According to increase of age, gladular or ductal type transformed into atrophic type.
Classification ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause

PURPOSE: Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) exists in the human population in two genetic forms, usually referred to as type 1 and type 2 which have been defined on the basis of sequence divergence in the EBNA-2 and EBNA-3 family genes. In this study, we were intended to investigate whether the subtypes of EBV in malignant lymphoma in Korea were associated with specific disease entities and geographical distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsy samples obtained from 18 Korean patients with malignant lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease(3 cases), B cell lymphoma(1 case), and NK/T cell lymphoma(14 cases) were analyzed to determine the subtype of EBV infected therein. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embeded tissues by ordinary method and specific viral sequences were sought using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Southern blot hybridization assay. Oligonucleotide primers used for examination of EBV strain type were derived from the EBNA-3B and EBNA-3C coding regions. As a control, four cases of reactive hyperplasia were analyzed. RESULTS: The two of four reactive hyperplasia cases were associated with type 1 and the rest of two cases with both types. Among the 18 cases with malignant lymphoma, thirteen cases(72%) had type 1, one(6%) had type 2, and four(22%) had dual infections with both types. In case of NK/T cell lymphoma(14 cases) occupying 78% of 18 biopsy samples, 86%(12 cases) were associated with type 1, 7%(1 case) with type 2, and 7%(1 case) with both types. In case of Hodgkin's disease, all of three cases had both types. B cell lymphoma taking only one case of twenty two cases was determined as type 1. CONCLUSION: These observations indicated that type 1 EBV was predominant in Korean patients with malignant lymphoma, especially NK/T cell lymphoma and showed high frequency of dual viral infections(22%) in Hodgkin's disease as well as in reactive hyperplasia.
Biopsy ; Blotting, Southern ; Clinical Coding ; DNA ; DNA Primers ; Genotype ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Korea* ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell

No abstract available.
Animals ; Capsaicin* ; Ganglia, Spinal* ; Rats* ; Spinal Nerve Roots*

Most subdural hematoma with significantly differed attenuation from that of adjacent brain tissue can beaccurately diagnosed by CT. Difficulty arises when the hematoma is isodense that is exhibited similar attenuationto that of brain. Unilateral isodense subdural hematoma can be identified by indirect sign such as mass effect.Occasionally, the use of intravenous contrast material to aid in identifying isodense subdural hematomas has metwith variable success. Moreover, bilateral isodense subdural hematoma may be more difficult. We therfore considerdit of interest to evalute the diagnostic efficiency of CT in isodense subdural hematomas. We have analysed 13cases surgically provened cases of isodense subdural hematoma examined at Korea General Hospital from Oct. 1981 toApril. 1982. The resuls were as follows; 1. One hundred twenty seven cases of subdural hematomas were studied byCT, 13 cases (19.2%) of which were isodense. 2. The age distribution was from 29 years to 69 years and mean agewas 52 years. The sex ratio was 11 male to 2 female. 3. Seven(53.8%) of 13 cases has a history of head trauma. 4.The time interval which subdural hematoma became isodense was from 1 week to 4 months and peak time interval wasfrom 1 week to 3 weeks. 5. The precontrast CT of isodense subdural hematoma appeared shifting of midlinestructure, compression and deformity of the ventricles in all 13 cases, effacement of cerebral sulci in 10 cases(76.9%) and dilatation of contralateral ventricles in 4 cases (30.8%). 6. The postcontrast CT scan demonstratedenhancement of the medial margin of the lesion in 4(30.8%) of 13 cases and displacement of cortical vein away fromthe inner table of the skull in 3 (23.1%) of 13 cases. 7. Bilateral isodense subdural hematomas were 2 (15.4%) of13 cases.
Age Distribution ; Brain ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Dilatation ; Female ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Skull ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Veins

No abstract available.
Cholesterol* ; Triglycerides*

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most clinically significant infectious agents. Especially during mass outbreaks, accurate identification and monitoring are required. The proportion of Beijing family members is very high among infecting strains, and spoligotyping is not suitable for strain typing. Therefore, we studied the homogeneity of isolates using the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) method and identified its utility for carrying out molecular epidemiologic analysis. METHODS: Eighty-one clinical M. tuberculosis isolates that had previously been analyzed by spoligotyping were used in this study. We used the 12 standard MIRU loci and further four exact tandem repeat (ETR) loci (ETR-A, -B, -C, and -F). Four strains each of randomly selected Beijing and Beijing-like families were subjected to IS6110- restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: All 81 samples showed amplification products of all VNTR loci, and all of them showed differences in at least one locus. The calculation of the Hunter-Gaston diversity index (HGDI) for MIRU-VNTR gave the value of 0.965. Discriminatory index in the six loci (MIRU-10, -16, -26, -31, -39, and ETR-F) were found to be highly discriminated (HGDI >0.6). Beijing and Beijing-like family isolates were discriminated into different MIRU-VNTR types. CONCLUSIONS: MIRU-VNTR analysis by using well-selected loci can be useful in discriminating the clinical M. tuberculosis isolates in areas where the Beijing family is predominant.
Bacterial Typing Techniques/*methods ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Genotype ; Humans ; *Minisatellite Repeats ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea ; Tuberculosis/diagnosis/*microbiology

BACKGROUND: Cytokeratins were subdivided into 20 different cytokeratins. It is known that cytokeratin 19 is particularly abundant in carcinoma of the lung. METHOD: A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay called CYFRA 21-1, combining two monoclonal antibodies directed specifically aganist cytokeratin 19 was done by ES-300(Boehringer Mannheim, Germany). We investigated the diagnostic value of the new tumor marker CYFRA 21-1 in lung cancer in comparison to carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and neuron specific enolase(NSE) in the pilot study on 39 serum samples from lung cancer (17 squamous cell cancer, 11 adenocarcinoma, 11 small cell carcinoma) and 51 benign lung diseases and 41 normal healthy persons. RESULTS: Postulating a specificity 95% versus benign lung disease and healthy group, the diagnostic sensitivity of CYFRA 21-1 in lung cnacer independent of histologic type was 43.6% whereas CEA was 48.7% and NSE was 30.8%. The diagnostic sensitivity is increased to 69.2% by combining CYFRA 21-1 with CEA. Classifying the lung carcinomas following their histologic type, squamous cell carcinomas proved to possess the highest CYFRA 21-1 sensitivity(CYFRA 21-1 47.1%, CEA 23.5%, NSE 11.8%) and the combination with CEA 52.9% could not markedly increase the number of true-positive test results. In adenocarcinoma, CEA possessed the highest sensitivity (81.8%) whereas CYFRA 21-1 was 45.5% and NSE was 9.1%. In small cell carcinoma of lung, NSE possessed the highest sensitivity(81.8%) whereas CYFRA 21-1 was 36.4% and CEA was 54.5%. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that CYFRA 21-1 has a potential as a new marker for squamous cell lung cancer. If histologic type is unknown at the time of primary diagnosis. the combined determination of CYFRA 21-1 and CEA showed the best discrimination between benign and malignant lung disease.
Adenocarcinoma ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Keratin-19 ; Keratins ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Neoplasms, Squamous Cell ; Neurons ; Pilot Projects ; Sensitivity and Specificity

This study purposed to analyze the relationship between spatial distribution of Diabetes prevalence rates and regional variables. The unit of analysis was administrative districts of city·gun·gu. Dependent variable was the age- and sex- adjusted diabetes prevalence rates and regional variables were selected to represent three aspects: demographic and socioeconomic factor, health and medical factor, and physical environment factor. Along with the traditional ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied for the spatial analysis. Analysis results showed that age- and sex-adjusted diabetes prevalence rates were varied depending on regions. OLS regression showed that diabetes prevalence rates had significant relationships with percent of population over age 65 and financial independence rate. In GWR, the effects of regional variables were not consistent. These results provide information to health policy makers. Regional characteristics should be considered in allocating health resources and developing health related programs for the regional disease management.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Disease Management ; Health Policy ; Health Resources ; Prevalence* ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spatial Analysis

Left atrial myxoma is well-known mimicker of systemic vasculitis. In general, however, these patients showed some symptoms and signs of cardiovascular disease. We experienced a patient with left atrial myxoma who first presented as vasculitis without any symptoms and signs suggesting cardiovascular disorders. A 45 year-old lady showed tender skin nodules, livedo reticuiaris-like skin lesions, severe constitutional symptoms, multiple cerebral infarctions, and elevated ESR and globulin. Skin biopsy findings were thought to be consistent with polyarteritis nodosa. Echocardiography was performed as a routine test for evaluating suspected vasculitis patients and it revealed left atrial myxoma. However, we were not able to detect any auscultation abnormality, even after echocardiography, After echocardiography, we found the tumor emboli in skin biopy specimen with deeper section. This case demonstrated the importance of suspecting the possibility of left atrial myxoma when performing diagnostic work-up for vasculitis.
Auscultation ; Biopsy ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cerebral Infarction ; Echocardiography ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Myxoma ; Polyarteritis Nodosa ; Skin ; Systemic Vasculitis ; Vasculitis

This study was designed to examine fast food consumption, nutritional knowledge, food behavior and dietary intake of university students and to investigate if there were differences in these variables by fast food consumption. The questionnaire was administered to university students in Daejeon. Data(n=269) was analyzed using chih-square -test and analysis of variance. Subjects were mostly female(62%) and freshmen or sophomores(86%). Based on the frequency of fast food consumption, subjects were categorized into non-users(27.9%), users(<2 times/week, 42%) and frequent users(> or = 2 times/week, 30.1%). Those who used fast foods(n=194) consumed the foods 7.5 times per month, on the average. Subjects scored 15.6 out of 20 on a nutritional knowledge scale, showing the moderate level of knowledge. When examined by fast food use, the nutritional knowledge score was 15.5 for non-users, 16.1 for users, and 15.0 for frequent-users(p<0.05). Only two items, regarding 'fat type(animal, plant) and health' and 'importance of having breakfast', were significantly different by fast food consumption, with user group and non-users scoring higher than frequent-users(p<0.05). Food behaviors, measured by 20 items, were not desirable, with mean scores of 51.5(possible score: 20-100). Subjects showed problems in eating meals regularly, eating a variety of foods, eating breakfast, and consumption of some food groups(vegetables, fruits, and proteins). Fast food non-users showed more desirable food behaviors than users or frequent-users, such as having processed foods (p<0.001) and eating-out less frequently(p<0.01). Dietary intake data showed that some nutrient intakes, including energy, calcium, iron, zinc and folic acid were less than 75% of the RDA. Index of nutritional quality(INQ) was adequate except for calcium and zinc. Compared to non-users or user group, frequent-users of fast foods consumed higher amounts of lipids(p<0.05), and had lower INQ for calcium(p<0.01). This study described the status of fast food consumption, nutritional knowledge, food behavior of university students, and provided some baseline data for planning nutrition education for university students.
Breakfast ; Calcium ; Eating ; Education ; Fast Foods* ; Folic Acid ; Fruit ; Humans ; Iron ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Zinc