PURPOSE: This study is to identify the factors that affect middle-aged workers' health promoting behaviors. METHODS: 214 middle-aged workers participated in surveys, and the data were collected from August to September 2012 and analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with PASW 18.0 program. RESULTS: It was found that among the factors, the degree of job stress (t=7.69, p<.001) and depression (t=6.23, p<.001) were significantly high for type D individuals, while non type D showed meaningful degree of self-related health status (t=-3.66, p<.001) and health promoting behaviors (t=-4.71, p<.001). The notable variable that affected the health promoting behaviors of the middle-aged workers was depression for both type D (beta=-.357, p= .029) and non type D (beta=-.325, p<.001) individuals, and this variable accounted for 24.1% and 18.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the middle-aged workers showed high degree of job stress and depression that influenced on their health promoting behaviors. Thus, they are recommended to receive health management programs that offer treatment through consulting considering their individual personalities.
Depression ; Health Behavior

PURPOSE: The purpose was to compare operating room (OR) nurses and general ward nurses on their communication competence and interpersonal relationship ability within the medical team. METHODS: Participants were 276 nurses (OR 122, ward 154) working in one of 4 university hospitals located in I and K areas. Data were collected using a questionnaire and data collection was done in June, 2013. Comparisons between OR nurses and general ward nurses on communication competence and interpersonal relationship ability were analyzed using ANCOVA. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in communication competence (F=11.96, p=.001) with average score for OR nurses at 3.37 points and ward nurses at 3.53 points. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in interpersonal relationship ability (F=15.51, p<.001) with the average score for OR nurses at 3.30 points and ward nurses at 3.50 points. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a need to develop a variety of programs to promote communication competence in OR nurses and to enhance the openness of interpersonal relationship ability in human resource management.
Data Collection ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Mental Competency* ; Operating Rooms* ; Patients' Rooms* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the difference in attitudes and knowledge between high school and college girls regarding sexual education. METHOD: Data was collected from questionnaires given to 99 high school girls and 110 college girls in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. RESULT: In middle school, the time given to sexual education influenced the students present knowledge of sexual education. The sources of sex education were friends, seniors and mass media. The score for sexual knowledge in high school girls was 12.78 and for college girls 24.19. The field that obtained the highest score in territorial sexual knowledge was 'reproductive physiology' in the high school girls. There was little awareness of venereal disease, AIDS, contraception. Sexual attitudes among college girls was more open than that of high school girls. There was a positive correlation between sexual knowledge and attitudes(r=.535, p<.001). The significant difference of items were residence and sexual experience(p<.001). CONCLUSION: This study was shown that realistic knowledge teaching of venereal diseases, contraception and AIDS should be included in planning of sexual education programs. Specially, the groups had sexual experience and college girls in the dormitory will need more specific teaching.
Contraception ; Education ; Female* ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Mass Media ; Seoul ; Sex Education ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Surveys and Questionnaires

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A scientific examination and understanding of overall aspects of the natural dentition is the first step involved in making a satisfactory selection in the shade of an aesthetic prosthesis. Proper natural shade selection of the prosthetic restoration that is in harmony with the remaining dentition is as important aesthetically, as harmony of form and function in the anterior dentition. Clinically, the most commonly applied method of shade selection has been visual, but because of the subjective nature inherent to this method, shade selection results are variable and can be influenced by such factors as the technician, the type of shade guide used, and the type and intensity of the lighting. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a more objective and scientific approach to examining and understanding the shade of teeth, which has in turn lead to the development of a number of shade analysis devices that present a more objective method of shade analysis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this study, the shades of healthy anterior teeth were examined and analyzed using the recently developed digital shade analysis of the ShadeScan(TM) System. The study examined 80 individuals in their twenties, 40 males and 40 females, presenting 6 healthy, unrestored maxillary anterior teeth. Tooth brushing and oral prophylaxis were performed prior to evaluation. The ShadeScan handpiece was used to acquire images of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth. These images were analyzed using the Vita/Classical mode of the ShadeScan(TM) Software, and shade maps of each tooth were acquired and divided into cervical, middle, and incisal thirds. The shade distribution of each third, left and right symmetry, and gender differences were investigated and analyzed. RESULTS: The results of the study are as follows: 1. An overwhelming majority of the examined teeth were found to possess shades belong to Group A, with the greatest variations occurring at the middle and cervical thirds of the maxillary central and lateral incisors, in both male and female subjects. 2. Canines of both male and female subjects showed left and right symmetry with uniform shade distribution of A4 and C4, while the lateral and central incisors showed left-right symmetry of the incisal 1/3 with a uniform shade distribution of A2 and A3 shades. 3. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between genders in maxillary canines, whereas maxillary central and lateral incisors showed differences at the middle and cervical thirds between male and female subjects. The results of this study show that with the exception of maxillary canines, maxillary anterior teeth display a diverse shade distribution as well as gender differences. CONCLUSION: Clinically, when making a shade selection using the existing shade guide, one must consider the fact that even a single tooth consists of a variety of shades. The results of this study show that when selecting a shade from a number of groups is difficult, shades from A group are the most consistent with the natural shade of maxillary anterior teeth.
Dentition ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Sanhujori facility use among the first time mothers in Korea. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, using focus group interview. Data were collected from the 24 first time mothers of 4 focus groups, who had given birth within 6 month and had used one of the Sanhujori facilities located in C province, Korea. After obtaining written informed consent from all participants, each session of the focus group was audio-taped and transcribed into verbatim. Data were analyzed using content analysis in order to identify significant themes. RESULTS: Four major themes that emerged from the data were as follows. 1) Promoting postpartum physical recovery through a enough time with only focusing on herself, 2) Promoting postpartum psychological recovery through emotional and informational support with peer mothers, 3) Experiencing breast feeding difficulties and disappointing with unsatisfied help from health professionals, and 4) Lack of the professional education programs regarding parenting. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it will be suggested that the various support programs by not only the peer mothers co-resided in Sanhujori facilities but also the health care professionals in the Sanhujori facilities should be developed for helping a "becoming a mother" of the first time mother in the Sanhujori facilities. In addition, qualified education and counseling program, especially for the successful breast feeding, should be provided by the health care professionals for improving mothering ability of the first time mother in the Sanhujori facilities.
Breast Feeding ; Counseling ; Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Education, Professional ; Focus Groups* ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Korea ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: In this study, a comparison was done of the extent of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for preterm and fullterm children during early childhood, and factors affecting HRQoL in the early childhood of premature children were analyzed. METHODS: Eighty mothers of children born prematurely and 83 mothers of children born at fullterm listed on two Internet cafes were sampled for this study. The major instrument used for the study was the TNO-AZL Preschool Quality Of Life (TAPQOL) questionnaire. RESULTS: Total score for HRQoL in the premature group was 80.5 (+/-9.9) and for the full term group, 85.0 (+/-8.3), on a 100-point scale. A comparison of the premature group and full term group showed that the domains which scored relatively lower with respect to HRQoL included the stomach, motor function, anxiety, liveliness and communication. Among the factors that have an impact on HRQoL were 'length of stay in neonatal intensive care unit (> or =7 days)' and 'birth weight (<1,000 gm)'. The explanation power of the model was 17%, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that a differentiated premature infant follow-up program for children who are hospitalized over 7 days in NICU or weighed under 1,000 g at birth is urgently needed.
Anxiety ; Child* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Internet ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Quality of Life* ; Stomach ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare levels of postpartum fatigue, depression, childcare stress, and maternal identity according to postpartum period between primiparas who used Sanhujori facilities and those who did not. METHODS: The research design was a longitudinal descriptive study using self-report questionnaires. Participants were 55 healthy primiparas who delivered at one of 3 hospitals in Chungnam, 21 using Sanhujori facilities and 34 not using these facilities during the first three weeks after childbirth. Data were collected from October 2008 to April 2009 at three measurement points, 2-4 days after childbirth (T1), 4-6 weeks (T2), and 12-14 weeks (T3). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 WIN program. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in childcare stress between the two groups at 4-6 weeks after childbirth. Postpartum depression and childcare stress at 4-6 weeks were significantly higher than those of the other postpartum periods, while maternal identity was significantly lower. CONCLUSION: Child care stress is the most important issue among women who use Sanhujori facilities and the 4-6 week period after childbirth is very difficult to primiparas. These results indicate that nursing interventions for primiparas in Sanhujori facilities should focus on reducing childcare stress. Furthermore proper follow-up programs at 4-6 weeks are needed to decrease the difficulties in adjustment by new mothers.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Depression, Postpartum ; Fatigue ; Female ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Mother-Child Relations ; Mothers/*psychology ; Parenting/psychology ; Postnatal Care/*methods ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: Skin grafting is one of the most commonly used methods in reconstructive plastic surgery field, but complications such as color change, contracture or hypertrophy are common problems. However, pathophysiology of the color change after skin graft is not yet determined and no animal model is established. METHODS: Full thickness skin grafts were performed on the dorsum of C57BL/6 mice. Serial chronological gross inspection for color change and pigmentation were examined. Melanin pigments were traced by Fontana-Masson staining and semi-quantitative analysis was performed. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of S-100, Micropthalmia related Transcription Factor(MITF) and Melan-A antibodies were also performed to observe melanocytes and their changes. RESULTS: After skin graft, color change and pigment spots were observed in the graft. Fontana-Masson staining showed melanin pigments in the epidermal and dermal layers in all mice. Immunohistochemistry staining to S-100, MITF, Melan-A antibodies showed melanocytes at the basal layer of epidermis and dermis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we have established an animal model for skin pigmentation after skin graft. We believe this study may be useful in understanding of the behavior of melanocytes after skin graft.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Contracture ; Epidermis ; Hypertrophy ; Immunohistochemistry ; MART-1 Antigen ; Melanins ; Melanocytes ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Pigmentation ; Skin ; Skin Pigmentation ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgery, Plastic ; Transplants

Apert's syndrome is rare autosomal dominant defect characterized by craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia and symmetrical syndactyly. Multiple surgical procedures will be needed for the child with this syndrome. Especially surgery for craniosynostosis is most often performed between 2 and 6 months of life, a period of physiologic anemia. Perioperative complications can occur from numerous sources-massive blood loss, venous air embolism, cerebral edema, hypothermia and hazardous airway management, thus more monitoring, large bored central venous line and early transfusion are recommended. We report a case of 5 month-old female Apert patient undergoing frontal bone advancement and cranioplasty. At the end of uneventful surgery, we removed endotracheal tube in operating room and permitted early feeding because the procedure was limited above the orbital ridge. As soon as feeding the patient presented cyanosis with generalized seizure. Patient was immediately intubated, sucked out secretions and inhaled with oxygen. Blood gas showed moderate hypoxemia which was improved by oxygen therapy. Suspicious aspiration pneumonia was marked on chest film but disappered I week later. The condition was favorable thereafter and discharged without complication. Keypoints in management of Aperts syndrome are close observation, early detection and preventive treatment of possible complications in perioperative period. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1995; 29: 300~303)
Airway Management ; Anemia ; Anoxia ; Brain Edema ; Child ; Craniosynostoses ; Cyanosis ; Embolism, Air ; Female ; Frontal Bone ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Infant ; Operating Rooms ; Orbit ; Oxygen ; Perioperative Period ; Pneumonia, Aspiration ; Seizures ; Syndactyly ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: Osteoclasts are the only cell type capable of breaking down bone matrix, and its excessive activation is responsible for the development of bone-destructive diseases. Euphorbia lathyris L. (ELL) is an herbal plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. This study investigated the effects of the methanol extract of the aerial part of ELL on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and signaling pathways. METHODS: Osteoclasts were formed by co-culturing mouse bone marrow with osteoblasts or by culturing mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. Bone resorption assays were performed using dentine slices. The expression level of mRNA was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Western blotting assays were performed to detect the expression or activation level of proteins. RESULTS: ELL inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the RANKL-stimulated bone resorption was diminished by ELL. Mechanistically, ELL blocked the RANKL-triggered p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, which resulted in the suppression of the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1). In osteoblasts, ELL had little effect on the mRNA expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that ELL has an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and function via downregulation of the p38/c-Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathways. Thus, ELL could be useful for the treatment of bone diseases associated with excessive bone resorption.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Bone Diseases ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Resorption ; Dentin ; Down-Regulation ; Euphorbia* ; Euphorbiaceae ; Humans ; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Macrophages ; Methanol ; Mice ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts* ; Osteoprotegerin ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphorylation ; Plants ; Protein Kinases ; RANK Ligand ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes