BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the results of intervention activities on the management of steam sterilizers and sterile items in out-patient clinics and clinical laboratories. METHODS: A checklist was developed and used to monitor and evaluate the adequacy of sterilizers and sterilized items at out-patient clinics and clinical laboratories in a tertiary-care hospital. The checklist consisted of 7 items: condition of the material used for packaging sterile items, maintenance of shelf-life records, sterilizer cleanliness, maintenance of expiry date details of sterilized items, sterilization conditions, use of chemical indicators, and the results of biological indicators. Monitoring and additional intervention activities were carried out once every week for 53 weeks from August 2007 to July 2008. The study period was divided into 2 terms, early and late intervention; the duration of each term was 6 months, and we compared the ratio of adequacy of management of sterilizer and sterilized items between the 2 terms. RESULTS: There were a total of 795 observations from 15 departments in 1 year. Sterility of the materials used for packaging increased from 87.4% in the first 6-month term to 97.9% in the second 6-month term. Records for shelf-life increased from 89.6% to 98.5% in the same period, while the figures for maintaining expiry date details of sterilized items and for steam sterilizer cleanliness increased from 92.6% to 99.2%, and from 91.9% to 98.5 (P<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our intensive checklist-based intervention was effective in improving the management of steam sterilizers and sterile items in out-patient clinics and clinical laboratories.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Checklist ; Humans ; Infertility ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Outpatients ; Product Packaging ; Steam ; Sterilization

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analysis the financial statements of university hospitals and to apply the results to build nursing management strategies. METHODS: Data on the financial statements of university hospitals were collected each hospital's homepage or internet search from February to June, 2010. Financial statements of 11 hospitals were analyzed using the 4 categories of financial ratio analysis method: liquidity, performant, growth and turnover. RESULTS: Overall results showed that the financial status the university hospitals were unstable, and many financial indicators did not meet financial standard ratios. Only 8 financial indicators of total 19 indicators satisfied financial standard ratios. CONCLUSION: The results of financial statements analysis suggest that nurse managers should develop the blue ocean strategy for diversification of nursing services to improve financial ratios of liquidity, performance, and growth. Using a unit-based just-in-time system for effective supply management would help to increase profits and to decrease costs of hospital by improving financial ratios of turnover.
Financial Management ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Internet ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing Services

Objectives: This study investigates dental hygienists’ experience, education, and awareness of dentin hypersensitivity. Its purpose is to provide a basis for the development of preventive procedures and educational materials for dentin hypersensitivity. Methods: After distributing the questionnaire, Oral health characteristics of dental hygienists and the general public were investigated. In addition, the experience of dentin hypersensitivity according to general characteristics and the need for education were confirmed. The collected data were analyzed by frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, unpaired t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: There was no difference in the experience of dentin hypersensitivity according to oral health-related or general characteristics in the dental hygienist group. In terms of oral health, there was a difference in educational requirements for dentin hypersensitivity for ‘family support for oral health’. Conclusions The experience of dentin hypersensitivity in this study can be used as data for the development of a Korean dentin hypersensitivity experience questionnaire. The educational requirements and perception of dentine hypersensitivity will help develop educational materials from the patient’s perspective. Moreover, they will be essential for practical education on dentine hypersensitivity in dental hygiene and educational processes.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the easily-assessable risk and prognostic factors of septic shock in children with neutropenic fever (NF) which developed after anticancer chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and laboratory data of 97 children who received anticancer chemotherapy at Dong-A University Hospital and had NF between March, 1993 and February, 2001. RESULTS: There were 223 episodes of NF in 97 children, of which 71 episodes (31.8%) of bacteremia and 18 episodes (8.1%) of septic shock developed. The incidence of septic shock was associated with fever duration (> 5 days, odds ratio=7.367, P=0.0159), tachycardia (odds ratio=11.857, P=0.0001), and serum bicarbonate level (<24 mEq/L, odds ratio=6.235, P=0.0378), whereas not with the underlying disease, age, sex, causative organisms, absolute neutrophil count, absolute monocyte count, absolute phagocyte count, the presence of central venous catheter, the accompanied focal infection, and the use of hematopoietic growth factor. Septic shock developed 3.2 (1~11) days after NF. The prognosis of septic shock patients was not associated with the therapeutic timing, antibiotics, fever duration, tachycardia, or serum bicarbonate level. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the fever duration, tachycardia, and serum bicarbonate level could be important risk factors of septic shock in children with NF. Although We could not reveal the prognostic factors in children with septic shock, further studies will be required.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteremia ; Central Venous Catheters ; Child ; Drug Therapy ; Fever* ; Focal Infection ; Humans ; Incidence ; Medical Records ; Monocytes ; Neutropenia ; Neutrophils ; Phagocytes ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Shock, Septic* ; Tachycardia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for recurrent spontaneous abortion. Immunologic causes in either alloimmune or autoimmune type have been suggested for more than 80% of these patients. Various immunotherapy including paternal leukocyte transfusion has been used, but there is controversy on its efficacy and side-effects. The proposed immunomodulatory mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin includes passive transfer of blocking or anti-idiotype antibody, blockade of Fc receptors, enhancement of supressor T-cell function, down regulation of B cell function. In this study, we used intravenous immunoglobulin for the prevention of spontaneous abortion. Five patients with a history of two or more spontaneous abortions were enrolled in this study. Other etiologic factors such as anatomical, chromosomal, hormonal factors were excluded. Three of them were positive for anti-cardiolipin antibody (ACA). When the pregnancy was diagnosed at about five weeks of gestation, 30 g intravenous immunoglobulin was administered and continued up to 28 weeks with three weeks. Ongoing pregnancy beyond 20 weeks was considered successful. Four among five patients (80%) was successful in maintaining pregnancy now ongoing 20, 31, 33, 39 weeks. One patient with ACA positive had abartion due to anembryonic pregnancy. No adverse reaction was observed during the treatment. From these preliminary data, it is suggested that intravenous immunoglobulin treatment may be effective in maintaining pregnancy in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, Further studies are needed to clarify the its immunomodulatory mechanism and establish a more simplified protocol limiting the use at certain critical period of time.
Abortion, Spontaneous* ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins* ; Immunotherapy ; Leukocyte Transfusion ; Pregnancy ; Receptors, Fc ; T-Lymphocytes

BACKGROUND: The Sewol ferry disaster caused national shock and grief in Korea. The present study examined the prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among the surviving students 20 months after that disaster. METHODS: This study was conducted using a cross-sectional design and a sample of 57 students (29 boys and 28 girls) who survived the Sewol ferry disaster. Data were collected using a questionnaire, including instruments that assessed psychological status. A generalized linear model using a log link and Poisson distribution was performed to identify factors associated with PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: The results showed that 26.3% of participants were classified in the clinical group by the Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms score. Based on a generalized linear model, Poisson distribution, and log link analyses, PTSD symptoms were positively correlated with the number of exposed traumatic events, peers and social support, peri-traumatic dissociation and post-traumatic negative beliefs, and emotional difficulties. On the other hand, PTSD symptoms were negatively correlated with psychological well-being, family cohesion, post-traumatic social support, receiving care at a psychiatry clinic, and female gender. CONCLUSION: This study uncovered risk and protective factors of PTSD in disaster-exposed adolescents. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to determining assessment and interventional strategies aimed at helping survivors following similar traumatic experiences.
Adolescent ; Child ; Disasters* ; Female ; Grief ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea* ; Linear Models ; Prevalence ; Protective Factors ; Shock ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Survivors

Left isomerism is characterized by bilateral left-sidedness and multiple associated cardiac and visceral anomalies. The clinical manifestation of left isomerism mainly depends upon the cardiac lesions. Occasionally an individual will have a normal heart and be presented with the extracardiac anomalies. A 3-year-old girl with a diagnosis of left isomerism was presented with pulmonary hypertension and intermittent hypoglycemia. Computerized tomography of the abdomen revealed absence of the portal vein and portosystemic shunt. The superior mesenteric and splenic veins joined as a common trunk, bypassed the liver and drained the left renal vein and hemiazygos vein. Her pulmonary hypertension was considered as a consequence of the portosystemic shunt. We report a case of left isomerism in association with absence of the portal vein and a review of literatures.
Abdomen ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary* ; Hypoglycemia ; Isomerism* ; Liver ; Portal Vein* ; Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical ; Renal Veins ; Splenic Vein ; Veins

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is known to be a profibrotic growth factor, which mediate the fibrotic effect of transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta) and to stimulate cell proliferation and matrix production. CTGF has been shown to be hypoxiainducible in several cell types. Here we investigated the effect of hypoxia on CTGF gene expression in cultured mouse renal tubular cells (MTC). Quiescent cultures of MTC were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) or normoxia in serum-free medium. The effects on hypoxia-induced CTGF expression were evaluated by Northern blot and real-time PCR. The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and TGF-beta were also determined using specific biochemical inhibitors. Exposure of quiescent tubular cells to hypoxia for 24 hr in a conditioned medium resulted in a significant increase TGF-beta. Hypoxia caused a significant increase in CTGF mRNA expression in MTC. Either JNK or ERK inhibitor did not block the hypoxia-induced stimulation of CTGF, whereas an inhibitor of p38 MAPK reduced the hypoxia-induced changes of CTGF. Although hypoxia stimulated TGF-betaproduction, neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 antibody did not abolish the hypoxia-induced CTGF mRNA expression. The data suggest that hypoxia up-regulates CTGF gene expression, and that p38 MAPK plays a role in hypoxic-stimulation of CTGF. We also demonstrated that hypoxia induces CTGF mRNA expression via a TGF-beta1-independent mechanism.
Animals ; *Anoxia ; Connective Tissue Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/cytology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify dietary factors related to metabolic syndrome in middle aged Korean men who were participants in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES IV) in 2007. METHODS: The study targeted 361 of the 709 men aged between 40 and 64 years for a final analysis; the other 348 surveys had incomplete data which did not allow for the determination of metabolic syndrome. The definition of metabolic syndrome was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III(NCEP ATP III). RESULTS: There were significant differences in the metabolic syndrome of middle-aged men according to age, smoking pack-years, and number of resturant meals per week. Dietary factors such as vitamins, riboflavin, natrium, carbohydrate, protein and lipid intakes were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: It was verified that metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men is related to age, smoking pack-years and number of resturant meals per week. Dietary factors were not significantly related. However, further detailed studies in this area are needed.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Adult ; Aged ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meals ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 ; Riboflavin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamins

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is uncommon and known to affect in middle-aged adults, with rare reports of occurrences in children. Although frequently involving the pleura, recent reports show that SFT may also involve extrapleural sites. SFT is known as a benign tumor, but in some cases SFT recurs, invades locally, or shows malignant transformation. We experienced a case of SFT that developed in the axilla of a 4-year-old girl with multiple congenital anomalies with constitutional chromosomal abnormality of 46,XX[44]/47,XX,+mar[11]. Her tumor could not be surgically resected due to the patient's multiple anomalies including congenital heart disease, chronic lung problem and seizure disorder. She died of congestive heart failure with respiratory failure due to tumor growth. This report is meaningful not only because SFT affected a pediatric patient with a constitutional chromosomal abnormality, but also because the tumor originated from the axillary area, a site of origin rarely reported for SFTs.
Adult ; Axilla ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Lung ; Pleura ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Solitary Fibrous Tumors