This study was designed to identify the relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness held by the elderly residing in a rural community. The purpose of this study was to contribute to theoretical understanding of the relationship of these two variables and eventually to the more effective adaptation of the elderly to their situation. The subjects for this study were the 89 elderly residing in a rural community. Data were collected by a questionnaire from June 2 to 20, 1998. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using a SAS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness was significant(r = -.23502, p=.0266). Especially, discernd elderly's powerlessness shows a highly significant relationship with family and neighborhood support(family r= -.45096, p=.0001, neighborhood r= -.35681, p=.0006). In the support patterns, the discernd powerlessness of the elderly has a significant relationship to emotional, informational and evaluational support. Therefore the hypothesis that, "the lower the degree of social support peiceived by the elderly, the higher the degree of discened powerlessness" was supported. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of discened powerlessness was family support in support system (R2 = .2034), and emotional support (R2 = .0627) in support patterns. 3. General characteristic related to the degree of social support was only residential status(P< .05), but the degree of family support was related to spouse(t=2.390. p<.01). residential status(t= -2.157, p<.05), and household.
Aged* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population*

A histopathologic study including iramunohistochemical stains was made in 30 patients who were presented with gastrointestinal lymphoma. The occurrence was 13 in the stomach, 8 in the ileocecum, 7 in the small intestine and 2 in the colon. The disease more frequently affected males than females and the average ages were 53 years in the patients of gastric lymphoma and 44 years in the patients of intestinal lymphoma. Gastric lymphomas were usually presented with a single lesion, and the antrum and/or body were the most common sites. But intestinal lymphomas were presented with a single or multiple lesion, and the ileocecum was the most common site. The most common gross type of gastrointestinal lymphomas was the ulceroinfiltrating type and most are of the diffuse large noncleaved cell type of B-cell lymphoma, histologically. There were 2 cases of T-cell lymphoma presented in the intestine as the superficially ulcerative gross pattern and diffuse immunoblastic cell type. The distinct MALToma was seen in only one case of stomach but the feature was partially remained in each two cases of stomach and intestine. Their coexistent findings may suggest that diffuse large of immunoblastic component arises through blastic transformation of the low-grade M ALToma component.
Female ; Male ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects of simulation-based education on nursing knowledge, anxiety, and clinical performance ability in nursing students before their first clinical practice. METHODS: Third-year university students who had not yet entered their first clinical practice were recruited to participate in the study. Nineteen students formed the experimental group and participated in simulation-based education for 7 sessions. The 19 students in the control group were provided with clinical practice orientation in the form of traditional lectures. Outcome measures assessed nursing knowledge, clinical practice anxiety, and clinical performance ability. Data were collected before and immediately after the simulation-based education and after six weeks of clinical practice. RESULTS: Nursing knowledge and clinical anxiety were not statistically significant between the groups. However, there was a significant improvement in the clinical performance abilities of the experimental group. Among the subcategories, the ability to apply the nursing process and the ability to educate and cooperate were shown to maintain significant differences from the control group by the end of the six weeks of clinical practice. CONCLUSION: The simulation prior to nursing students’ first clinical practice could be useful to improve clinical performance ability. Nursing educators should consider building programs to reduce anxiety and improve performance ability through simulations.
Anxiety ; Clinical Competence ; Education ; Humans ; Lectures ; Nursing Process ; Nursing ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Students, Nursing

Purpose: This study is descriptive research to examine the effects of the clinical nurse’s character and nursing informatics competencies of nurses working at veterans hospitals on their nursing performance. Methods: Data were collected from 192 nurses with over one year of clinical experience working at three veterans' hospitals in B, D, and G Metropolitan from September 6 to September 30, 2021. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 25.0 program in descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The Scheffé test was used as a post hoc test. Results: Nursing performance had a statistically significant positive correlation with the clinical nurse’s character (r=.69, p<.001) and nursing informatics competency (r=.73, p<.001). The study results showed that nursing informatics competency (β=.49, p<.001) and the clinical nurse’s character (β=.41, p<.001) significantly affected nursing performance. The total explanatory power of these variables was 62.4% (F=32.26, p<.001). Conclusion The above results of this study show that the most significant factors in nursing performance are nursing information competency and the clinical nurse’s character exhibit better nursing performance. Programs for improving nursing informatics competency and implementation methods need to be developed to improve nursing performance. It is also necessary to apply an effective clinical nurse’s character program to enhance the level of the clinical nurse’s character.

Purpose: This study is descriptive research to examine the effects of the clinical nurse’s character and nursing informatics competencies of nurses working at veterans hospitals on their nursing performance. Methods: Data were collected from 192 nurses with over one year of clinical experience working at three veterans' hospitals in B, D, and G Metropolitan from September 6 to September 30, 2021. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 25.0 program in descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The Scheffé test was used as a post hoc test. Results: Nursing performance had a statistically significant positive correlation with the clinical nurse’s character (r=.69, p<.001) and nursing informatics competency (r=.73, p<.001). The study results showed that nursing informatics competency (β=.49, p<.001) and the clinical nurse’s character (β=.41, p<.001) significantly affected nursing performance. The total explanatory power of these variables was 62.4% (F=32.26, p<.001). Conclusion The above results of this study show that the most significant factors in nursing performance are nursing information competency and the clinical nurse’s character exhibit better nursing performance. Programs for improving nursing informatics competency and implementation methods need to be developed to improve nursing performance. It is also necessary to apply an effective clinical nurse’s character program to enhance the level of the clinical nurse’s character.

Purpose: This study is descriptive research to examine the effects of the clinical nurse’s character and nursing informatics competencies of nurses working at veterans hospitals on their nursing performance. Methods: Data were collected from 192 nurses with over one year of clinical experience working at three veterans' hospitals in B, D, and G Metropolitan from September 6 to September 30, 2021. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 25.0 program in descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The Scheffé test was used as a post hoc test. Results: Nursing performance had a statistically significant positive correlation with the clinical nurse’s character (r=.69, p<.001) and nursing informatics competency (r=.73, p<.001). The study results showed that nursing informatics competency (β=.49, p<.001) and the clinical nurse’s character (β=.41, p<.001) significantly affected nursing performance. The total explanatory power of these variables was 62.4% (F=32.26, p<.001). Conclusion The above results of this study show that the most significant factors in nursing performance are nursing information competency and the clinical nurse’s character exhibit better nursing performance. Programs for improving nursing informatics competency and implementation methods need to be developed to improve nursing performance. It is also necessary to apply an effective clinical nurse’s character program to enhance the level of the clinical nurse’s character.

Purpose: This study is descriptive research to examine the effects of the clinical nurse’s character and nursing informatics competencies of nurses working at veterans hospitals on their nursing performance. Methods: Data were collected from 192 nurses with over one year of clinical experience working at three veterans' hospitals in B, D, and G Metropolitan from September 6 to September 30, 2021. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 25.0 program in descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The Scheffé test was used as a post hoc test. Results: Nursing performance had a statistically significant positive correlation with the clinical nurse’s character (r=.69, p<.001) and nursing informatics competency (r=.73, p<.001). The study results showed that nursing informatics competency (β=.49, p<.001) and the clinical nurse’s character (β=.41, p<.001) significantly affected nursing performance. The total explanatory power of these variables was 62.4% (F=32.26, p<.001). Conclusion The above results of this study show that the most significant factors in nursing performance are nursing information competency and the clinical nurse’s character exhibit better nursing performance. Programs for improving nursing informatics competency and implementation methods need to be developed to improve nursing performance. It is also necessary to apply an effective clinical nurse’s character program to enhance the level of the clinical nurse’s character.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of learning immersion in clinical simulations on the relationship between nursing student learning motivation and achievement in clinical simulation. Methods: This study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey with 184 nursing students from two universities who participated in clinical simulation between September and December 2022. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, and the collected data were analyzed using independent an independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis to identify the mediating effects of learning immersion on the relationship between nursing student learning motivation and achievement. Results: Among the subvariables of nursing student learning motivation, task value and self-efficacy for learning and performance had a significant effect on learning immersion (respectively, β=.36, p=.001; β =.31, p<.001) and learning achievement (respectively, β=.48, p<.001; β=.38, p<.001). With the input of learning motivation variables, the direct effect of learning immersion on learning achievement was significant (β=.20, p=.003), and the effects of learning motivation and task value and self-efficacy on learning achievement was reduced after controlling for learning immersion, which is a mediating variable (respectively, β=.41, p<.001; β=.32, p<.001). The bootstrapping test to confirm the mediating effect of learning immersion was also significant (task value 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.02~0.20; self-efficacy 95% CI, 0.01~0.12). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that simulation educators should consider learners’ motivation and immersion when organizing and operating clinical simulations.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is an essential component of tumor growth and metastasis, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important angiogenic factors. Several solid tumors produce substantial amounts of VEGF, which stimulates proliferation and the migration of ednothelial cells, therby inducing neovasculization by a paracrine mechanism. To evaluate the prognostic roles of angiogenesis and VEGF expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, the relationship between VEGF expression in tumor tissues, the clinicopathologic features and the overall survival rate were analysed. METHODS: Sixty-nine resected primary non-small cell lung cancer specimens were evaluated. The pareffinembedded tumor tissues were stained by anti-VEGF polyclonal antibodies using an immunohistochemical method to assess VEGF expression. RESULTS: In Forty-one patients (59%), the VEGF antigen was expressed weakly in their tumor tissue, whereas in twenty-eight patients (41%) the VEGF antigen was expressed strongly. The median survival time of the weak VEGF expression group was 24 months, and that of the strong VEGF expression group was 19 months. The three year-survival rates were 35%, 33%, respectively. The survival difference between both groups was not statistically significnat. CONCLUSION: Although results were not statistically significant, the strong expression group tended to poorer prognosis than weak expression group.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Antibodies ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis plays a critical role in human tumor growth and metastasis. Microvessel count, as a measure of tumor angiogenesis, has been significantly correlated with invasive and metastatic patterns in breast, prostate and cutaneous carcinomas. Materials and METHODS: Fifty patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer were evaluated. Tumor tissues embedded in paraffin block were stained by anti CD 31 (PECAM, platelet endothelial cellular adhesion molecule) using immunohistochemical method to assess microvessel count. Microvessels were counted in the most active areas of neovascularization(microscopy, 200×). RESULTS: 1) Mean microvessel count was 47.1 ± 17.7(per 200×field) in total 50 cases. 2) Mean microvessel count of adenocarcinoma (54.4±19.9) was significantly higher than that of squamous cancer(43.9±16.2)(p<0.05), but there were no relationship between microvessel count and TNM stages. 3) Median survival time, 2-year and 5-year survival rates of the low microvascular group(microvessel count<45, 22cases) were 61 months, 80% and 40%, respectively, and those of the high microvascular group(microvessel count ≥ 45, 28 cases) were 46 months, 75% and 12%, respectively. As results, prognosis of low microvascular group is statistically significantly superior to that of the high microvascular group(p=0.0162, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank). CONCLUSION: Angiogenesis assessed by microvessel count can be used as one of the significant prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer.
Adenocarcinoma ; Blood Platelets ; Breast ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Humans ; Microvessels ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paraffin ; Prognosis ; Prostate ; Survival Rate