No abstract available.
Fluconazole* ; Tinea Capitis* ; Tinea*

Purpose: To investigate the long-term effects of wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses for more than 5 years on the progression of myopia and the elongation of axial length in children. Methods: The study included patients aged 6-12 years with myopia ranging from -0.5 D to -5.0 D and astigmatism of ≤ 2.0 D who had worn lenses for ≥ 5 years. A retrospective analysis was conducted comparing with a control group of similar demographics who wore glasses. Spherical equivalent (SE) changes were compared between 28 subjects (56 eyes) in the OK lens group and 37 subjects (74 eyes) in the control group. Additionally, changes in axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness were compared between 23 subjects (46 eyes) in the lens group and 24 subjects (48 eyes) in the control group. Results: The annual changes in SE were -0.21 ± 0.18 D/year in the OK lens group and -0.38 ± 0.17 D/year in the control group. The annual changes in AXL were 0.13 ± 0.09 mm/year in the OK lens group and 0.21 ± 0.10 mm/year in the control group, both showing significant differences (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Within the lens group, further analysis based on age 11 was conducted. SE changes were -0.23 ± 0.18 D/year in those age < 11 and -0.13 ± 0.18 D/year in those age ≥ 11. AXL changes were 0.15 ± 0.10 mm/year in the younger group and 0.06 ± 0.06 mm/year in the older group with both showing significant differences (p = 0.048, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusions The progression of myopia and elongation of AXL were significantly inhibited in the OK lens group compared to the control group. Additionally, younger age within the lens group was associated with greater myopia progression and AXL elongation.

Purpose: To investigate the long-term effects of wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses for more than 5 years on the progression of myopia and the elongation of axial length in children. Methods: The study included patients aged 6-12 years with myopia ranging from -0.5 D to -5.0 D and astigmatism of ≤ 2.0 D who had worn lenses for ≥ 5 years. A retrospective analysis was conducted comparing with a control group of similar demographics who wore glasses. Spherical equivalent (SE) changes were compared between 28 subjects (56 eyes) in the OK lens group and 37 subjects (74 eyes) in the control group. Additionally, changes in axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness were compared between 23 subjects (46 eyes) in the lens group and 24 subjects (48 eyes) in the control group. Results: The annual changes in SE were -0.21 ± 0.18 D/year in the OK lens group and -0.38 ± 0.17 D/year in the control group. The annual changes in AXL were 0.13 ± 0.09 mm/year in the OK lens group and 0.21 ± 0.10 mm/year in the control group, both showing significant differences (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Within the lens group, further analysis based on age 11 was conducted. SE changes were -0.23 ± 0.18 D/year in those age < 11 and -0.13 ± 0.18 D/year in those age ≥ 11. AXL changes were 0.15 ± 0.10 mm/year in the younger group and 0.06 ± 0.06 mm/year in the older group with both showing significant differences (p = 0.048, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusions The progression of myopia and elongation of AXL were significantly inhibited in the OK lens group compared to the control group. Additionally, younger age within the lens group was associated with greater myopia progression and AXL elongation.

Purpose: To investigate the long-term effects of wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses for more than 5 years on the progression of myopia and the elongation of axial length in children. Methods: The study included patients aged 6-12 years with myopia ranging from -0.5 D to -5.0 D and astigmatism of ≤ 2.0 D who had worn lenses for ≥ 5 years. A retrospective analysis was conducted comparing with a control group of similar demographics who wore glasses. Spherical equivalent (SE) changes were compared between 28 subjects (56 eyes) in the OK lens group and 37 subjects (74 eyes) in the control group. Additionally, changes in axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness were compared between 23 subjects (46 eyes) in the lens group and 24 subjects (48 eyes) in the control group. Results: The annual changes in SE were -0.21 ± 0.18 D/year in the OK lens group and -0.38 ± 0.17 D/year in the control group. The annual changes in AXL were 0.13 ± 0.09 mm/year in the OK lens group and 0.21 ± 0.10 mm/year in the control group, both showing significant differences (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Within the lens group, further analysis based on age 11 was conducted. SE changes were -0.23 ± 0.18 D/year in those age < 11 and -0.13 ± 0.18 D/year in those age ≥ 11. AXL changes were 0.15 ± 0.10 mm/year in the younger group and 0.06 ± 0.06 mm/year in the older group with both showing significant differences (p = 0.048, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusions The progression of myopia and elongation of AXL were significantly inhibited in the OK lens group compared to the control group. Additionally, younger age within the lens group was associated with greater myopia progression and AXL elongation.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the motor unit numbers in normal adult hand muscles using manual incremental technique and F-wave technique. METHOD: We estimated the motor unit numbers in abductor pollicis brevis muscles of twenty normal adults. In manual incremental technique, we estimated the motor unit numbers using motor unit count program setted in electrodiagnostic equipment (Dantec, Keypoint). In F-wave technique, we estimated the motor unit numbers dividing maximal M-potential amplitude by mean amplitude of surface motor unit action potential. RESULTS: There was no significant difference of motor unit numbers between right and left abductor pollicis brevis in both manual incremental and F-wave technique. Motor unit numbers using F-wave technique were significantly greater than motor unit numbers using manual incremental technique. CONCLUSION: The difference of motor unit numbers using manual incremental technique and F-wave technique was considered as a difference of functional electrical stimulation. F-wave technique was more physiologic and functional method of motor unit numbers estimation than manual incremental technique.
Action Potentials ; Adult* ; Electric Stimulation ; Hand ; Humans ; Muscles

Ectopic pregnancy is a common medical problem that is difficult to diagnose and potentially may lead to significant mortality or morbidity. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is definitely increasing due to the rise in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), pelvic surgery, intrauterine device (IUD), and assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Combined ectopic gestations are much rare and their true incidence is unknown. Multiple ectopic gestations may occur in a variety of locations. The majority involve one or both fallopian tubes. We report a case of combined tubal and cervical pregnancies, and discuss their management.
Embryo Transfer ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Incidence ; Intrauterine Devices ; Mortality ; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

PURPOSE: This study examined the outcomes of children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with ITP from January 1992 to December 2011 at our institution. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients (64%) satisfied the criteria for newly diagnosed ITP, 31 (15%) for persistent ITP, and 41 (21%) for chronic ITP. The median age at diagnosis was 4.5 years (range, 1 month to 18 years). The median platelet count at diagnosis was 32x109/L. A comparison of the initial treatment data from 2001 to 2011 with those from 1992 to 2000 showed that the number of bone marrow examinations decreased, whereas observation increased. Chronic ITP presented at an older age than newly diagnosed and persistent ITP (6.6 years vs. 3.8 years vs. 4.1 years, respectively); however, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.17). The probability of complete remission of chronic ITP was 50% and 76% at 2 and 5 years after diagnosis, respectively. Patients aged <1 year at diagnosis had a significantly better prognosis than did older patients (hazard ratio, 3.86; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Children with chronic ITP showed a high remission rate after long-term follow-up. This study suggests that invasive treatments such as splenectomy in children with chronic ITP can be delayed for 4 to 5 years if thrombocytopenia and therapeutic medication do not affect the quality of life.
Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Platelet Count ; Prognosis ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; *Quality of Life ; Remission Induction ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Hu protein R (HuR) binds to the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3'UTR to stabilize TNF-alpha mRNA. Here, we identified chemical inhibitors of the interaction between HuR and the ARE of TNF-alpha mRNA using RNA electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) and filter binding assay. Of 179 chemicals screened, we identified three with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) below 10 micrometer. The IC(50) of quercetin, b-40, and b-41 were 1.4, 0.38, and 6.21 micrometer, respectively, for binding of HuR protein to TNF-alpha mRNA. Quercetin and b-40 did not inhibit binding of tristetraprolin to the ARE of TNF-alpha mRNA. When LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells were treated with quercetin and b-40, we observed decreased stability of TNF-alpha mRNA and decreased levels of secreted TNF-alpha. From these results, we could find inhibitors for the TNF-alpha mRNA stability, which might be used advantageously for both the study for post-transcriptional regulation and the discovery of new anti-inflammation drugs.
*3' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology ; Antigens, Surface/metabolism ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Mice ; Protein Binding/drug effects ; Quercetin/*pharmacology ; RNA Stability/*drug effects ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*biosynthesis

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the diagnostic performances of digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI) and/or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the detection of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). METHODS: Index ILCs and multifocal/multicentric (multiple) ILCs were analyzed using various imaging modalities. The final surgical pathology was regarded as the reference standard. The detection rate for index cancers and the diagnostic performance for multiple ILCs per breast were evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-eight ILCs in 76 women were enrolled. Twenty-six breasts had multiple ILCs. DM (n=72), DBT (n=15), US (n=77), MRI (n=76), BSGI (n=50), and /or PET/CT (n=74) were performed. For index cancer, the detection rate was 100% for DBT, US, and MRI. For multiple ILCs, the sensitivity was 100% for DBT and MRI (P<0.001). The diagnostic accuracy for multiple ILCs were 73.3% for DBT and 73.0% for PET/CT (P=0.460). CONCLUSION: DBT was the most accurate imaging modality for both index and multiple ILCs. PET/CT was also valuable for multiple ILCs, whereas DM and BSGI showed relatively low diagnostic performances. DBT and PET/CT have promising roles in the diagnosis of multiple ILCs.
Breast ; Carcinoma, Lobular* ; Diagnosis ; Electrons ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mammography ; Pathology, Surgical ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Positron-Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Sleep is correlated with various neurological disorders. Epilepsy and chronic headaches(CH) are the most common causes of visiting children in neurology clinics. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the sleeping patterns of patients with epilepsy and CH. METHODS: Children and adolescents of between the ages 6-18 suffering from epilepsy or CH were assessed using the sleep questionnaires. Patients with motor disabilities, chromosomal abnormalities or neuromuscular diseases were excluded. RESULTS: Sleeping patterns of the 276 patients were analyzed(200 epilepsy and 76 CH). The mean age of the patients was 11.8+/-3.3 years. CH patients had more excessive daytime sleepiness, shorter total sleep time on weekday, later bedtime, and more trouble getting up in the morning than epilepsy patients(P<0.001). CH patients also had more mood instabilities, resistance to going to bed on time, and uncomfortable feelings in legs than epilepsy patients(P<0.05). On the contrary, epilepsy patients had more bed-wettings than CH patients(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that CH is more associated with sleep problems than epilepsy. The consideration and proper treatment for accompanying sleep problems are needed when we treat chronic headaches or epilepsy.
Adolescent ; Child ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Epilepsy ; Headache ; Headache Disorders ; Humans ; Leg ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neurology ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological