BACKGROUND: The high concentration of plasma total homocysteine is recently considered an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to provide reference ranges for plasma homocysteine levels and to investigate the relationship between plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Korean men. METHODS: Anthropometric parameters, alcohol intake, cigarette use and nutrient intake were determined in 166 healthy men within a wide age range(30-69 yr). Serum levels of lipids, glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), plasma amino acid concentrations and levels of antioxidant nutrients and enzymes were also measured. Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as plasma homocysteine levels above the 90th percentile(> or =15micromol/L) of respective plasma homocysteine distribution in study subjects. Characteristics of hyperhomocysteinemic men(n=16) were compared to normohomocys- teinemic men(n=16) matched for age and body mass index. RESULTS: Plasma total homocysteine values ranged from 2.4 to 38.1micromol/L, a skewed, right-tailed distribution. The homocysteine levels of 25th, 50th and 75th percentile were 7.02, 9.61 and 12.4micromol/L, respectively. The mean concentration of plasma total homocysteine was 10.7micromol/L. Plasma total homocysteine level was positively correlated to body mass index, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and alcohol intake, but negatively correlated to serum bata-carotene concentration. In multivariate analysis, serum triglyceride level was the strongest determinant of plasma total homocysteine concentration. There were no significant differences between two groups in waist to hip ratio, alcohol intake, cigarette use, blood pressure and serum levels of glucose and insulin during OGTT. Hyperhomocysteinemic men had significantly higher mean values of serum triglyceride(258mg/dl), total cholesterol(226mg/dl), and LDL-cholesterol(140mg/dl) than normohomocysteinemic men. Hyperhomocysteinemic men showed a decrease in lipid corrected values of serum bata-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and plasma concentrations of serine and taurine, when compared to normohomocysteinemic men. The mean intakes of vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and bata-carotene tended to decline by 25-30% in hyper- homocysteinemic group, when compared to normohomocysteinemic group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that healthy Korean men with hyperhomocys- teinemia show signs of hyperlipidemia and decreased antioxidants nutrients and these factors increase risk for coronary artery disease. In addition, hyperhomocysteinemia may affect amino acid metabolism related to homocysteine.
alpha-Tocopherol ; Antioxidants ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Folic Acid ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homocysteine* ; Humans ; Hyperhomocysteinemia ; Hyperlipidemias ; Insulin ; Male ; Metabolism ; Multivariate Analysis ; Plasma* ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors* ; Serine ; Taurine ; Tobacco Products ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin B 6 ; Waist-Hip Ratio

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome is a rare clinical syndrome consisting of hemiatrophy of cerebral hemisphere, enlargement of ventricles and prominent pneumatization of petrous pyramid of the temporal bone. Its clinical manifestations are hemiparesis, several types of seizure, mental retardation and other neurologic deficits. We experienced a case of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome in a four months old boy who visited to our department due to right side upper extremity weakness and infantile spasm. The brain magnetic resonance imaging showed marked hemiatrophy of left cerebral hemisphere and enlargement of left lateral ventricle. So with the review of literatures, we report a case of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome with infantile spasm.
Brain ; Cerebrum ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intellectual Disability ; Lateral Ventricles ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Paresis ; Petrous Bone ; Seizures ; Spasms, Infantile* ; Temporal Bone ; Upper Extremity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the mechanism of hepatocellular carcinogenesis still remains to be clarified, it has been suggested that persistent hepatic necrosis and resultant irregular regeneration might cause genetic mutations, such as activation of protooncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and modulation of apoptosis-related genes, finally leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To elucidate the role of cell proliferative activity and apoptosis, a major mechanism of cell death, in hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we analyzed expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 protein and apoptotic cells in HCC and surrounding nonneoplastic hepatic parenchyma. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical staining to detect P CAN, p53 protein, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method for the detection of apoptosis in 52 hepatocellular carcinomas and their adjacent nonneoplastic liver. We scored the expression of PCNA and p53, and apoptotic index by a 5 point scale' 0, 0%,1, 1-25%', 2, 25-50%, 3, 50-75%', 4, >76%, and analyzed the results with other clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: p53 protein was expressed in 42.3% of the HCC, but was not evident in nonneoplstic liver. P53 overexpression was correlated with the histologic grade of HCC (p<0.05). PCNA labelling indices (LI) of HCC were correlated with those of liver cell dysplasia and normal liver (p<0.05). Leading edges of HCCs showed higher proliferative activity than the central part of HCC. Four cases of HCCs with high TUNEL also showed high proliferative activity. There was no difference of the TUNEL between HCC and surrounding nonneoplastic liver. Expression of p53, PCNA LI and TUNEL had no relationship with clinicopathologic parameters including viral markers, aFP elevation, tumor size and underlying cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: p53 overexpression in HCC and absence of p53 mutation in nonneoplastic liver indicates the active participation of p53 in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Invasiveness and metastatic potential appear to be related with the strong expression of PCNA, but apoptosis in HCC has no direct implication in hepatocellular carinogensis.
Apoptosis* ; Biomarkers ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Cell Death ; Fibrosis ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Liver* ; Necrosis ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Regeneration

Septo-optic dysplasia, as first described by de Morsier, is a rare developmental anomaly of absent or hypoplastic septum pellucidum, a primitive optic vesicle, and dysplasia of the optic nerve, chiasm, and optic tracts. It is a common cause of hypopituitarism in children and has variable hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. We experienced a case of septo-optic dysplasia in 5 month old female baby who presented with developmental delay and seizure. A magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed absence of the septum pellucidum and the fundoscopic examination disclosed the absence of left optic disc and atrophy of right optic disc.
Atrophy ; Brain ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopituitarism ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Optic Nerve ; Seizures ; Septo-Optic Dysplasia* ; Septum Pellucidum ; Visual Pathways

Cholangiocarcinomas have several histologic types, but intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with sarcomatous change is rare. A 71-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of fever which had lasted two months. Ultrasonography (US) of the upper abdomen demonstrated a huge hepatic mass with central solid and peripheral cystic portions, and computed tomography (CT) revealed a heterogeneous hepatic mass with a central area in which enhancedment was delayed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a huge mass of predominantly low signal intensity at T1WI, and peripheral portions of high signal intensity and a central portion of intermediate signal intensity at T2WI. The pathologic diagnosis was cholangiocarcinoma with sarcomatous change.
Abdomen ; Aged ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Diagnosis ; Fever ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ultrasonography

The purpose of this review is to discuss the debate concerning the interpretation of epidemiologic studies on particles and health effects. Study of the 1952 air pollution disaster in London established that very high levels of particulate-based smog can cause dramatic increases in daily mortality. However, recent epidemiologic studies have reported statistically significant health effects and mortality due to low levels of air pollution. The statistical significance does not prove causation in observational studies; therefore it is necessary to evaluate these associations. There are arguments for and against each of the numerous studies using Hill's criteria, however the body of accepted evidence supports the causal association. In particular, a high level of consistency in the estimated effect of PM10 has been observed across studies worldwide. The mechanism of the relationship between air pollution and health effects is not obvious. The mechanism of particle-induced injury may involve the production of an inflammatory response by the particulate. The harvesting and the threshold effect are also major concerns regarding the health effects of air pollution. However, current epidemiologic findings indicate that linear models lacking a threshold are appropriate for assessing the effect of particulate air pollution on daily mortality even at current levels.
Air Pollution* ; Disasters ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Linear Models ; Mortality ; Smog

BACKGROUND: Changes in body fat distribution and antioxidant status can be shown in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and these changes may be more pronounced in CHD patients with than those without diabetes. This study was undertaken to determine the discrimination of body fat distribution, hormones and antioxidants among healthy male and CHD male patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 64 healthy males and 56 CHD male patients. CHD group was subdivided into patients with and without diabetes. Adipose tissue and muscle areas were calculated from computed tomography scans made at four body levels, L1, L4 and mid portion of thigh and calf. Fasting serum levels of lipids, hormones and antioxidants and plasma level of homocysteine were determined. RESULTS: 28% of healthy males, 33% of CHD patients without diabetes and 15% of CHD patients with diabetes were current smokers. 56% of healthy males, 30% of CHD patients without diabetes and 46% of CHD patients with diabetes supplemented their diet with synthetic vitamin preparation. There were no differences among groups in means of age, body mass index and blood pressure. While CHD patients without diabetes showed an increase in visceral fat area at only L1 level, CHD patients with diabetes showed an increase at both L1 and L4 levels, compared with healthy males. CHD patients with diabetes showed the lowest mean value of HDL-cholesterol and testosterone. The mean response areaof insulin and C-peptide during OGTT was higher in CHD patients without diabetes than healthy males. CHD patients with and without diabetes showed higher plasma level of homocysteine and lower serum levels of IGF-1, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and beta-carotene, compared with healthy males. Serum levels of cryptoxanthin and lycopene were lower in CHD patients with diabetes than healthy males. CONCLUSION: Visceral fat accumulation, an increase in insuline and homocysteine levels and a decrease in IGF-1, SOD and beta-carotene levels in CHD patients indicate a difference in body fat distribution, hormones and antioxidant systems between CHD patients and healthy males. In addition, a further increase in visceral fat and a decrease in the serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, testosterone and carotenoids in CHD patients with diabetes show the increased risk in the simultaneous presence of CHD and diabetes. Thus, the lifestyle modification of these CHD patients such as quitting smoking, reducing abdominal fat and taking antioxidant-rich foods is recommended.
Abdominal Fat ; Adipose Tissue* ; Antioxidants ; beta Carotene ; Blood Pressure ; Body Fat Distribution* ; Body Mass Index ; C-Peptide ; Carotenoids ; Coronary Disease* ; Diet ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Fasting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homocysteine ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Life Style ; Male ; Plasma ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Testosterone ; Thigh ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Intervertebral Disc* ; Prevalence* ; Spine*

No abstract available.
Growth Plate*

The expression of c-fos and c-jun in the brain of the rat after capsaicin treatment was investigated by in situ hybridization, dot blot hybridization and immunocytochemical methods. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats[200g] were used for this study. The first set of rats received a single subcutaneous injection of capsaicin[50mg/Kg] dissolved in 10% Tween-80 and 10% ethanol in saline. The rats were decapitated 1, 3, 5, 10, 24, 72 hours and 1 week after capsaicin treatment. The control set of rats were treated with saline instead of capsaicin. In situ hybridization and dot blot hybridization were carried out. O1igonucleotide probe complimentary to c-fos mRNA sequences were used for this study and labeling of oligonucleotides was accomplished using the DNA tailing kit. The expression of c-fos mRNA on the nucleus of neurons in in situ hybridization was observed throughout the brain, and was especially abundant in the olfactory cortex, nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, habenular nuclei, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, entopeduncular nucleus, ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and cerebellum. Compared to the control rats, c-fos mRNA were increased 24 hours after capsaicin injection and gradually decreased after 72 hours, returning to the normal control level 1 week after capsaicin injection. c-fos mRNA was detected only 1 week after capsaicin injection in the various areas of the brain. The fos protein-like immunoreactivity was initially somewhat decreased at 24 hours, but increased at 72 hours and reactions was maximally observed at 1 week after capsaicin treatment. But Jun protein immunoreactivity was not increased, on the contrary, it was even decreased both in numbers of reactive cells and immunoreactivity 1 week after capsaicin injection. From the above results, c-fos gene expression was pronounced in the nucleus concerned with pain, olfaction and taste such as VPL nucleus of the thalamus, olfactory cortex and parabrachial nucleus, in the limbic system concerned with stress and emotion such as nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, periaqueductal gray and habenular nucleus, in the structure concerned with somatic motor function such as entopeduncular nucleus and cerebellum. Also, the c-fos gene was activated by the capsaicin early in the course of effects, then the fos protein increased as a results of c-fos activation. On the other hand, c-jun did not respond to capsaicin treatment early in the course, but Jun protein decreased late in the course of capsaicin effects.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain* ; Capsaicin* ; Cerebellum ; DNA ; Entopeduncular Nucleus ; Ethanol ; Genes, fos ; Habenula ; Hand ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Limbic System ; Male ; Neurons ; Olfactory Pathways ; Oligonucleotides ; Periaqueductal Gray ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Septal Nuclei ; Smell ; Thalamus ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei