No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To evaluate protective mechanism of melatonin against radiation damage and its relationship with apoptosis in mouse jejunum. MATERIALS AND METHODS:' 168 mice were divided into 28 groups according to radiation dose and melatonin treatment. To analysis crypt survival, microcolony survival assay was done according to Withers an (l Elkind's method. To analysis apoptosis, TUNEL assay was done according to Labet-Moleur's method. RESULTS: Radiation protection effect of melatonin was demonstrated by crypt survival assay and its effect was stronger in high radiation dose area. Apoptosis index with 8 Gy irradiation was 18.4% in control group and 16.5% in melatonin treated group. After 18 Gy, apoptosis index was 17.2% in control group and 15.4% in melatonin treated group. Apoptosis index did not show statistically significant difference between melatonin treated group and control group. CONCLUSION: Melatonin shows clear protective effect in mouse jejunum against radiation damage but it.', protective effect seems not to be related with apoptosis protection effect.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Cell Survival* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Jejunum ; Melatonin* ; Mice* ; Radiation Protection

PURPOSE: Despite the well-known public health benefits of vaccination, increasing public concern about the safety of childhood vaccinations has led some parents to refuse or hesitate having their children immunized. The purpose of this study was to identify the subjectivity of parents toward refusal of childhood vaccination. METHODS: Q-methodology, in which subjective viewpoints are explored and analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, was used. Thirty-five participants were asked to rank 42 statements on diverse issues of childhood vaccination according to a continuous 9-point scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. Collected data was analyzed using the PC-QUANAL program. RESULTS: The results revealed three discrete groups of parents in the refusal of children's immunization: type I, distrust; type II, concern about side effects, and type III, belief that vaccinations are unnecessary. CONCLUSION: Special nurse counselors who can provide correct information about vaccination based on the three types should be part of the government policy. Customized education programs to shift viewpoints should be also redeveloped according to the results in this study.
Child ; Counseling ; Disulfiram ; Humans ; Parents ; Public Health ; Rejection (Psychology) ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was first to identify knowledge about, attitude toward, and educational needs for dementia in certified caregivers; secondly, to understand the relationships among those variables; and thirdly, to provide base-line data for education program development. METHODS: The participants in this study were 670 certified caregivers who were working in nursing homes or care hospitals throughout the whole of the country and engaged in education programs for improvement of their professional abilities. Collected data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, Duncan, and Pearson's correlation coefficients with the SPSS 18.0 for Windows Program. RESULTS: The scores for knowledge about, attitude toward, and educational needs for dementia were 14.12+/-2.83 out of 20, 42.27+/-5.54 out of 50 (item mean 4.22), and 121.51+/-22.13 out of 160 (item mean 3.79) respectively. There were statistically significant positive correlations between knowledge and attitude (r=.238, p<.001), educational needs (r=.083, p=.032), and attitude and educational needs (r=.244, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Tailored and continuous educational programs for certified caregivers that can improve knowledge about the causes and symptoms of dementia should be developed. Nurses and professors who are experts in dementia should be on the front lines of education for caregivers.
Caregivers* ; Dementia* ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing Homes ; Program Development

Hypercarbia can occur in spite of adequate ventilation if removal of carbon dioxide from the inspired gases is inadequate. Neither blood pressure nor heart rate is a reliable indicator of hypercarbia. A 53-year old male, ASA physical status II with mild hypertensive patient underwent primary repair because of rotator cuff tear of the shoulder. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental-succinylcholine and maintained with pancuronium- Halothane-N2O-O2 in a semiclosed circle system. We report occurrence of hypercarbia due to replacement with an incorrect unidirectional valve which is too small to function properly.
Anesthesia ; Blood Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide ; Gases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rotator Cuff ; Shoulder ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: Simulation-based learning has become a powerful method to improve the quality of care and help students meet the challenges of increasingly complex clinical practice settings. The purpose of this study was to identify the learning effects using high-fidelity SimMan and multi-mode simulation. METHODS: Participants in this study were 38 students who were enrolled in an intensive course for a major in nursing at R college. Collected data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test, and independent t-test with the SPSS 18.0 for Windows Program. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in learning effects between high-fidelity SimMan and multi-mode simulation group. However, skills in clinical performance in the high-fidelity SimMan group were higher than in the multi-mode group (p=.014), communication in clinical performance in multi-mode simulation group was higher than in the high-fidelity SimMan group (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Multi-mode simulation with a standardized patient is an effective learning method in many ways compared to a high-fidelity simulator. These results suggest that multi-mode simulation be offered to students in nursing colleges which cannot afford to purchase a high-fidelity simulator, or offered as an alternative.
Adult ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Heart Arrest/*nursing ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Manikins ; *Patient Simulation ; Students, Nursing/psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of structured self-debriefing using 3S models on the clinical competency, self-efficacy, and educational satisfaction in nursing students after simulation. METHODS: For this study, 76 third-year undergraduate nursing students from S university were invited. They were divided into two groups, which consisted of a self-debriefing (SDG=41) group and an instructor-led debriefing group (ILDG=35). Collected data was analyzed using Chi-square, t-test, and an independent t-test with the PASW statistics 18.0 for Windows Program. RESULTS: Clinical competency was generally high in the SDG, and statistically significant differences between the SDG and the ILDG occurred after simulations 3, 4, and 5. There were no statistically significant differences in self-efficacy and educational satisfaction between the SDG and the ILDG. However, educational satisfaction in the SDG was slightly higher, while self-efficacy was low compared to the ILDG. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the method of structured self-debriefing using a 3S model can be effective in improving clinical competency. Further studies need to be investigated.
Humans ; Nursing* ; Patient Simulation ; Students, Nursing*

The purpose of this review is to discuss the debate concerning the interpretation of epidemiologic studies on particles and health effects. Study of the 1952 air pollution disaster in London established that very high levels of particulate-based smog can cause dramatic increases in daily mortality. However, recent epidemiologic studies have reported statistically significant health effects and mortality due to low levels of air pollution. The statistical significance does not prove causation in observational studies; therefore it is necessary to evaluate these associations. There are arguments for and against each of the numerous studies using Hill's criteria, however the body of accepted evidence supports the causal association. In particular, a high level of consistency in the estimated effect of PM10 has been observed across studies worldwide. The mechanism of the relationship between air pollution and health effects is not obvious. The mechanism of particle-induced injury may involve the production of an inflammatory response by the particulate. The harvesting and the threshold effect are also major concerns regarding the health effects of air pollution. However, current epidemiologic findings indicate that linear models lacking a threshold are appropriate for assessing the effect of particulate air pollution on daily mortality even at current levels.
Air Pollution* ; Disasters ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Linear Models ; Mortality ; Smog

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify awareness of hospital safety culture (AHSC) and safety activities (SA) of workers in a tertiary care hospital, and the factors influencing safety activities. METHODS: 303 Participants from the tertiary care hospital in Seoul were invited. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: The level of AHSC and SA was 3.61 and 4.17, respectively. There were differences between AHSC and SA according to gender, religion, employment status, job class, working period, safety education, need for safety education, and number of safety accident reports. There was a positive relationship between AHSC and SA. The factors influencing SA were communication and process, employment status, and safety accident reports. CONCLUSION: AHSC and SA are important factors to improve hospital safety, as well as increasing chances to receive hospital accreditation.
Accreditation ; Education ; Employment ; Humans ; Safety Management* ; Seoul ; Tertiary Healthcare*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of negative automatic thoughts on depression in adolescence. METHODS: The participants were 1037 middle school students (521 boys and 516 girls) and 872 high school students (415 boys and 457 girls). They completed self administered questionnaires; The CES-D and the K-CATS. The ANOVA tests were conducted with gender (2 levels) and grade (5 levels) as independent variables, and Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis also were conducted. RESULTS: The results showed that both depression and negative automatic thoughts are very high in females with significant age differences; highest in the age of 17, the late adolescence. And depression was significantly predicted by the combination of depression cognition, social anxiety cognition, and physical threat cognition, with 51% estimation. Depression cognition and social anxiety cognition significantly predicted depression in males in 45%. In females, depression cognition, social anxiety cognition, and physical threat cognition predicted depression in 57%. CONCLUSION: Negative thoughts have high impacts on depression, and depression cognition has a significant impact particularly on the depressinon of females. The limitations of the present study and directions for the future research were discussed.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires