This study was designed to identify the relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness held by the elderly residing in a rural community. The purpose of this study was to contribute to theoretical understanding of the relationship of these two variables and eventually to the more effective adaptation of the elderly to their situation. The subjects for this study were the 89 elderly residing in a rural community. Data were collected by a questionnaire from June 2 to 20, 1998. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using a SAS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The relationship between perceived social support and discernd powerlessness was significant(r = -.23502, p=.0266). Especially, discernd elderly's powerlessness shows a highly significant relationship with family and neighborhood support(family r= -.45096, p=.0001, neighborhood r= -.35681, p=.0006). In the support patterns, the discernd powerlessness of the elderly has a significant relationship to emotional, informational and evaluational support. Therefore the hypothesis that, "the lower the degree of social support peiceived by the elderly, the higher the degree of discened powerlessness" was supported. 2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of discened powerlessness was family support in support system (R2 = .2034), and emotional support (R2 = .0627) in support patterns. 3. General characteristic related to the degree of social support was only residential status(P< .05), but the degree of family support was related to spouse(t=2.390. p<.01). residential status(t= -2.157, p<.05), and household.
Aged* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population*

The concept of caring as the core value of nursing has been widely explored in many researchers. However, a clear conceptualization of what caring in nursing does not yet exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the attributes of caring by content analysis of journaling and to provide basic information for developing the theory of caring and teaching the humanism centered education. The study design was descriptive survey design. Data was colleged 82 cases of journaling which came from 26 junior and 30 senior nursing students from Oct. 1995 to June 1996. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis by Ko, and et als.(1989) and Polit & Hngler(1987). To improve the validity two researchers examined the significant statements extracted from original contents. The results are as follows: The emphasized contents clusters of caring were 12 categories- , , , , , , , , , , , . , elements of the caring emerged new attributes of caring and the <> element of the caring was mentioned with high frequency as strongest element. The emphasized contents clusters of non caring were 9 categories - , , , , , , , , .
Education ; Humanism ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

A clinical observation was made on the non-visualizing kidney of the in-patient in the Department of Urology, Capital Armed Forces General Hospital during the period from September, 1976 to December, 1981 and the following results were observed. 1. Of 1287 cases hospitalized, IVP was performed on 292 cases. Among these, 36 cases revealed non- visualizing kidney giving a rate of 12.3%. 2. The sex ratio between male and female was 8:1 and age distribution ranged from 1 to 66 years. 3. The clinical symptoms and signs were hematuria, flank pain, frequency, lower abdominal pain, and abdominal palpable mass in order. 4. The causes of non-visualizing kidney was classified as renal parenchymal and obstructive disease. Renal tuberculosis (9 cases) was the most frequent cause among the disease of parenchymal origin, and the calculus disease of the urinary track (5 cases) and hydronephrosis not caused by calculi (5 cases) were the most frequent cause among the disease of obstructive origin. 5. Surgery was performed in 29 cases (80.1%) and remaining 7 cases were managed conservatively.
Abdominal Pain ; Age Distribution ; Arm ; Calculi ; Female ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Kidney* ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Tuberculosis, Renal ; Urology

We have studied male patients with cosmetic allergy in patch test during 5 years from September, 1982 to August, 1986 (Group A) and during 7 1/2 years from March, 1988 to August, 1995 (Group B). The results are as follows. 1. In Group A, 7 patients were diagnosed as contact allergy due to cosmetics. In Group 13, 30 patients were diagnosed as contact allergy to cosmetics. 2. Sixteen patients were positive to only cosmetic related allergens. Two patients were positive to only their own cosmetic products. Nineteen patients were positive to both cosmetic related allergens and their own cosmetic products. 3. The age of patients with cosmetic allergy ranged from 10 to 70 years with a peak in the fifties. The patients more than 50 years were about 40% of all patients. 4. The most frequently, affected area was face(n=31) followed by neck(n=6) and scalp (n = 6 ). 5. Twenty four patients with cosmetic allergy had eczematous skin lesions. Thirteen patients had pigmented skin lesions and pigmented contact dermatitis was suspected. Two out of 13 patients with pig men ted skin lesions were positive in photopatch test. 6. Cosmetic related allergens showing frequent positive reactions were paraphenylene-aliamine, fragnance mix, balsam of Peru, benzyl salicylate, amerchol L101, oakmoss absolute, musk muskene. 7. Cosmetic products showing frequent positive reactions were skin care products, hair dye, soap, after shave lotion, shampoo and toothpaste. In conclusion, cosmetic allergy in men seems to increase in our society.
Allergens ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Hair ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Male* ; Patch Tests ; Peru ; Scalp ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Soaps ; Toothpastes

Contact Dermatitis due to cosmetics is also common in Korea. as in other developed countries. However. detection of the causative antigens is in a difficult situation due to many reasons. We have routinely patch tested with Japanese cosmetic series patch test allergens, Types 17 and 18 in addition to Hollister standard battery and patients own cosmetics to 4Q cases of suspected cosmetic contact dermatitis who have visited our Environmental and Occupational Clinic during the past one year. The study result was as follows. Total 55% ositive reaction related to cosmetics was observed in 4p patch tested patients. 2 The most frequently observed antigens were hydroxycitronellal, benzyl saliylate and cinnamic alcohol.
Allergens ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Developed Countries ; Humans ; Korea ; Patch Tests*

Bleaching creams containing hydroquinone are modestly effective in treating some cutane ous pigmentary disorders. Hydroquinone creams frequently cause mild irritant reactions and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, but rarely allergic reactions. A case of allergic contact dermatitis due to hydroquinone in a 21-year-old woman was confirmed by the patch test.
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Hypersensitivity ; Patch Tests ; Young Adult

The malic dehydrogenase activity was determined by the modified method of Ochoa (1955) using tissue homogenates of various parasitic helminths. Worm parasites were mostly collected from local abattoir, and removed from the organ or tissues of the naturally infected animal hosts, and some materials were also obtained from the human hosts. The helminths used in this experiment include 3 kinds of nematodes, 5 kinds of trematodes, and 8 kinds of cestodes. They were throughly washed and homogenized in glass tissue grinder in ice chilled water bath, and then centrifuged. The supernatants were designated as enzyme preparations. The hydrogen concentrations of buffer solution were pH 1.4, 2.7, 3.5, 4.2, 5.2, 7.4, 8.2, 9.3, 10.2, 11.6, and enzymatic reaction of this experiment was performed at incubation temperature of 20, 30, 40, and 50 C. The extinction of Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide (NAD) was measured by spectrophotometry at the wave length of 340 millimicron. The results of the experiment were as follows: The malic dehydrogenase activity occurred over all kinds of parasitic helminths used in this study. And the activity on sparganum turned out to be highest. All helminths displayed their maximum activity in the range of alkaline pH. A comparison of the effects of temperature and substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was made among these helminths. However, no definite relationship among them has been detected. The significance of the existence of this enzyme in the helminths was briefly discussed.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-cestoda-nematoda ; Fasciola hepatica ; Eurytrema pancreaticum ; Paramphistomum sp. ; Taenia solium ; Taenia pisiformis ; Dipylidium caninum ; Diphyllobothrium mansoni ; Cysticercus cellulosae ; Cysticercus fasciolaris ; sparganum ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Ascaridia galli ; Dirofilaria immitis ; Paragonimus westermani ; Clonorchis sinensis ; malic dehydrogenase-biochemistry-enzyme ; malic dehydrogenase ; Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequent in hemophilia patients treated with non-viral inactivated factor concentrates. In Korea, solvent/detergent method was introduced in 1989 and majority of hemophila patients treated before 1989 were infected with HCV. A number of studies have described the identification of virus genotypes in different geographical regions and racial groups. In order to clarify the characteristics of HCV infection in Korean hemophiliacs, we investigated the HCV genotypes in 125 hemophilia patients infected with HCV. METHODS: The HCV infection was confirmed by anti-HCV test and HCV-RNA detection method. To analyze the HCV genotypes, we used the reverse hybridization line probe assay (INNO LiPA HCV II, Innogenetics N.V., Belgium). RESULTS: Among 125 hemophilia patients, ten (8.0%) patients were infected with type 1a, 56 (44.8%) type 1b, 38 (30.4%) ambiguous type 2a/2c, eight (6.4%) type 2b, four (3.2%) type 3a, two (1.6%) type 4. And seven (5.6%) patients had mixed infection (four 1b+2a/2c, one 1a+2a/2c, one 2b+2a/2c, one 1a+2b+2a/2c). CONCLUSION: In Korean hemophiliacs, HCV genotype 1b was the most predominant and 2a/2c the second.
Coinfection ; Genotype ; Hemophilia A ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Korea

54-year-old male patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia was consulted to our department. He had had a few painful erythematous necrotic plaques on the chest, which suggested initslly vasculitis or pyoderma. On histological examination, characterisitic histological findings of non-septated large hyphae were observed in the dermis and subcutaneoustissue, Although organism was not isolated on Sabouraud agar media containing cycloheximide, the diagnosis of cutaneous mucormycosis was made by the characteristic histological nattlre. He died after 2 weeks with amphotericin B intravenous injections so that additional fungus culture was not performed.
Agar ; Amphotericin B ; Cycloheximide ; Dermis ; Diagnosis ; Fungi ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucormycosis* ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma* ; Pyoderma ; Thorax ; Vasculitis

No abstract available.
Arnold-Chiari Malformation* ; Diagnosis* ; Prenatal Diagnosis* ; Ultrasonography*