No abstract available.
Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Humans ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine stress and social support according to Internet addiction in juveniles. METHOD: Subjects were middle and high school students in Daegu (N=492). Data were collected using a self-rating questionnaire including demographic data, which was the Korean versions of an Internet addiction scale, a stress scale and a social support scale. RESULTS: Stress and social support were significantly different according to Internet addition. Significant correlations were observed between Internet addiction and stress and between Internet addiction and social support. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the more addictive to the Internet a student is, the more stress and the less social support he/she has. Therefore, further studies are needed to generalize these results and examine widely the effects of Internet addiction.
Daegu ; Humans ; Internet* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine internet addiction, self-esteem and loneliness in adolescents. METHOD: Subjects were middle and high school students in Daegu (N=486). Self-rating questionnaire included demographic data, the Korean version of Young internet addiction scale, self-rating self-esteem and loneliness scale. We have received the consent from teachers and students. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 34% was addicted and internet addiction was significantly different according to gender, record at school, economic status, attitude of mother, father, teacher and friend about internet. There were significant differences in self-esteem and loneliness according to internet addiction. Internet addiction, self-esteem and loneliness were related to each other. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that internet addiction would be changed according to gender, record at school, economic status, attitude of mother, father, teacher and friend about internet. Therefore, further studies are needed to generalize these results and examine widely the related variables of internet addiction.
Adolescent* ; Daegu ; Fathers ; Friends ; Humans ; Internet* ; Loneliness* ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To suggest parameters on optical coherence tomography (OCT) implicating visual prognosis after macular hole surgery, foveal thickness and photoreceptor layer were assessed by OCT after successful closure of the macular hole. METHODS: Twenty-two eyes underwent macular hole surgery and were followed up 6 months or longer. Of these, 16 eyes which were closed without neurosensory retinal defect were enrolled. OCT and visual acuity were reviewed and collected retrospectively. The photorecepter layer was graded as 1 to 3 according to the relative area of degeneration in the 1-mm of foveal center. Correlations between visual acuity and OCT parameters including the grade of the photorecepter layer and the foveal thickness were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Visual acuities of six eyes were 0.4 or greater. Visual acuity became stable by 20 weeks in the high acuity group and by 12 weeks in the low acuity group. The correlation between visual acuity and foveal thickness was weak (correlation efficiency: -0.15). The photoreceptor layer was graded as 1 in two eyes, 2 in three eyes and 3 in one eye among high acuity group, whereas the layer was graded as 1 in no eyes, 2 in two eyes and 3 in eight eyes among low acuity group. The difference in the number of eyes graded as 3 between the high and low acuity groups was statistically significant (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: The photoreceptor layer, using OCT, can be graded according to the area of degeneration. Functional outcome correlated with the grade of photoreceptor degeneration rather than foveal thickness.
Prognosis ; Retinal Perforations* ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Visual Acuity*

PURPOSE: To determine risk factors contributing to the development of an epiretinal membrane after retinal detachment surgery. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 294 eyes which underwent retinal detachment surgery between 2001 and 2004. Parameters including numbers and locations of retinal breaks, operation methods and associated abnormalities were compared between the eyes from which a postoperative epiretinal membrane was removed and the eyes from which the membrane was not removed. RESULTS: Fourteen eyes (4.8%) underwent epiretinal membrane removal during the follow-up period. The mean interval between the retinal reattachment surgery and the vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane was 184 days (range: 50~546 days). Retinal breaks were located superiorly in 12 eyes and inferiorly in 2 eyes. Regarding the number of breaks, 1 break was observed in 9 eyes, 2 breaks in 2 eyes, 3 breaks in 2 eyes and no breaks in 1 eye. Vitreous hemorrhages presented in 7 eyes (50%). Twelve eyes were phakic eyes and 2 were pseudophakic. The macula was detached in 9 eyes (64.3%). Procedures for retinal detachment were vitrectomy with gas tamponade in 8 eyes (57.1%) and scleral buckling with cryoretinopexy in 6 eyes (42.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative vitreous hemorrhage, superior location of retinal breaks, old age and scleral buckling with cryotherapy were determined to be significant factors for the postoperative development of an epiretinal membrane. Postoperative visual acuity increased in all cases. This study demonstrates that vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane results in an overall favorable functional outcome.
Cryotherapy ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Membranes ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Perforations ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Scleral Buckling ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes after diode laser photocoagulation between threshold and prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: The outcomes of 133 eyes of 80 infants who received laser treatment with diode laser were retrospectively evaluated. ROP stage was noted upon treatment. Of the eyes studied, 39 were classified as threshold and 94 were prethreshold, and these were further divided into type 1 (72 eyes) and type 2 (22 eyes). Outcomes among the groups were examined, as well as the effects of mean birth weight, gestational age, postconceptional age (PCA) at diagnosis, PCA at treatment, and the interval between diagnosis and treatment RESULTS: Three threshold eyes (7.7%) and 5 prethreshold eyes (5.3%) progressed to unfavorable outcomes. All 5 eyes with prethreshold disease were type 1. Mean birth weight and gestational age were not associated with prognosis. Unfavorable outcomes were related to lower PCA at diagnosis (p=0.022), lower PCA at treatment (p=0.008), and longer intervals between diagnosis and intervention (p=0.015), whereas neither birth weight nor gestational age significantly influenced outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Unfavorable outcomes occurred in threshold and type 1 prethreshold ROP. Earlier treatment appeared to decrease the incidence of unfavorable outcomes.
Birth Weight ; Diagnosis ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Lasers, Semiconductor* ; Light Coagulation* ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Prognosis ; Retinopathy of Prematurity* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: We compared the surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy between younger and older groups. METHODS: We reviewed the data of 185 patients (227 eyes) who had undergone vitrectomy and endolaser photocoagulation and who were followed up for at least 6 months. We divided them into two age-based groups: less than 40 years of age (52 eyes), and more than 40 years of age (175 eyes). We compared preoperative status, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Postoperative visual acuity improved in 75.0% in the younger group, and 68.6% in the older group, and the difference was not statistically significant. The proportion of eyes with good visual acuity of 0.6 or better was statistically significantly (Ed-confirm this addition) higher in the younger group (30.8%) than in the older group (17.1%). The proportion of eyes with postoperative visual acuity of no light perception was statistically significantly higher in the younger group. The visual acuity in the patients who lacked photocoagulation was poorer in the younger group. Postoperative recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, corneal epithelial defect, and additional operation rate was more prevalent in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant difference in the overall postoperative results between younger and older patients. Early panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy can be helpful to maintain visual function of young patients. Special care is needed to prevent postoperative complications.
Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Postoperative Complications ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy* ; Vitreous Hemorrhage ; Young Adult

Adrenal venous malformation is an uncommon disease. We report a case of an incidentally diagnosed adrenal cystic mass during an evaluation for gastritis in a child. A 14-year-old girl admitted to our pediatric department for epigastric pain. After the gastroscopy, she was diagnosed with hemorrhagic gastritis. A 5.5 cm-sized cystic mass was incidentally found adjacent to her left adrenal gland during an ultrasound examination for evaluating her abdominal symptoms. She underwent laparoscopic surgery for the diagnosis and treatment of this cystic mass, which was confirmed to be venous malformation at pathologic diagnosis.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Glands ; Adrenalectomy ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Gastritis ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Ultrasonography

This study examined the influence of age, sex, blood pressure, and obesity index on intraocular pressure (IOP), in order to investigate the relationship between the upper limits of the following two conditions in the general Korean population: the "systolic or diastolic hypertensive and obese" group and the "systolic or diastolic hypotensive and lean" group. A total of 6828 healthy subjects (13,656 eyes) underwent automated multi-phasic tests, including tonometry, blood pressure, visual field, and body mass index. The 6,828 subjects were divided into five groups based on age; less than 40, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and over 70 years old. They were also divided into four categories on the basis of sex, age, blood pressure, and obesity index. The mean IOP in males (15.8+/-3.3 mmHg) was significantly higher than in females (14.8+/-3.1 mmHg) (P < 0.05), but this difference decreased proportionally with increasing age. IOP had a tendency to decrease with increasing age (P < 0.05). IOP increased significantly with increasing systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and obesity index (all, P < 0.05). The mean IOP of the "systolic or diastolic hypertensive and obese" group was higher than that of the "systolic or diastolic hypotensive and lean" group in the general Korean population (P < 0.05). These data could aid investigation into the epidemiological, etiologic and oriental influences related to the risk factors of glaucoma, especially in oriental populations.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Body Mass Index ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; *Health Status ; Human ; Intraocular Pressure/*physiology ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Age ; Obesity/physiopathology ; Sex Factors ; Tonometry

PURPOSE: We performed this study to investigate the characteristic imaging and clinicopathologic features of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among the 47 women with surgically confirmed invasive micropapillary carcinoma between 2005 and 2009, 32 patients (mean age, 50 years; range, 37-69 years) had all preoperative mammography, ultrasound (US) and MR images. Two radiologists retrospectively assessed the imaging findings, clinical presentation and histological results of the patients. RESULTS: On mammography, 29 of 32 patients had suspicious findings. Among them, a mass (or focal asymmetry) with calcifications was the most common findings (15/32, 65%). The calcifications were noted in 20 patients (63%) and the shape of calcifications was frequently amorphous or punctate (n = 12, 60%). On US and MR imaging, all lesions had suspicious findings. The most common US findings were single (n = 20) or multiple (n = 10) irregular hypoechoic mass (es). The mass was frequently hypoechoic (n = 29, 97%). On MR imaging, the type of lesions was a mass or masses in 23 (72%), a mass combined with non-mass in six patients, and non-mass lesions in three patients. Histologically, axillary lymph nodes metastasis were very common (25/32, 78%). Asymptomatic clinical presentation was not usual (9/32, 28%). CONCLUSION: The imaging features of invasive micropapillary carcinomas strongly suggest malignancy. Microcalcifications on mammography, marked hypoechogenicity on US and an irregular mass, often combined with non-mass on MR are common. Axillary lymph node metastasis is commonly associated.
Breast ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mammography ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography, Mammary