BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although a lot of effort has been put into increasing fruit and vegetable intakes in preschool children, vegetable intake in this group is still low. This study investigated whether nutrition education focusing on fruit and vegetable intakes can affect preschoolers' fruit and vegetable intakes as well as their behavioral outcomes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirty-five preschoolers (54.3% boys, n = 19) aged 4–6 years residing in Seoul underwent weekly nutrition education intervention (8 sessions) between May and July 2016. Intakes of fruits and vegetables were measured during pre and post-intervention. At snack time, fresh fruit (150 g) and vegetable (120 g) snacks were distributed to each child by teachers. The remaining portions of the snacks were weighed and recorded for each child. Behavioral outcomes were measured by applying Child behavior checklist 1.5–5 and the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. RESULTS: During post intervention, vegetable intake increased from 36.15 ± 30.64 g to 48.01 ± 31.23 g (P = 0.010). Among the emotional and behavioral problems measured by parents, levels of total problems (P = 0.001), internalizing (P = 0.004), externalizing (P = 0.003), anxiety and depression (P = 0.001), and aggressive behavior (P = 0.005) decreased. Anxiety (P = 0.026) score, as measured by teachers, also decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education of preschoolers regarding the intakes of fruits and vegetables had a positive effect on preschoolers' vegetable intake as well as on their emotional and behavioral outcomes. A long-term, large-scale study with a broader study design is warranted to further investigate the role of fruit and vegetable intake in cognitive development and behavior of preschoolers.
Anxiety ; Checklist ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Child, Preschool ; Depression ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Education* ; Fruit* ; Humans ; Parents ; Problem Behavior ; Seoul ; Snacks ; Vegetables*

PURPOSE:Nevertheless that syncope of children is a relatively common disease which occurs during adolescence, diagnostic yield rate of syncope of children is far below than that of adults. Some reports indicate that the diagnostic rate could be increased up to 70% by using the head-up tilt test(HUT). However, HUT is relatively invasive and harmful to be used for children. The purpose of this study is to analyze the etiology of syncope in children and investigate whether the ocular compression test(OCT), which is not invasive and relatively safe, could substitute the HUT for vasovagal syncope. METHODS:Children who visited NHIC Ilsan Hospital for syncope from January 2004 to July 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. We examined the medical records of the patients and performed the basic diagnostic tests including EEG as well as HUT. OCT was performed during EEG to find check out the presence and the duration of asystole. We classified the patients into 3 groups according to the etiology, such as neurally-mediated(vasovagal), cardiovascular and non- cardiovascular syncopes and comparatively analyzed the clinical characteristics of each group. In addition, in case the asystole duration of OCT is prolonged, we performed cross-table analysis to know whether it matches the positive result of HUT in order to confirm the availability of OCT. RESULTS:55 patients were included in the study and the rate of males to female was 1: 2.4. The causes of syncope were identified in 43 cases(78.2%) and half of which was neurally- mediated type. In detail, 24(43.6%) patients were neurally-mediated, 5(9.1%) were cardiovascular, 14(25.5%) non-cardiovascular and 12(21.8%) unidentified. There was no significant difference regarding the clinical characteristics among diagnostic groups. However, the neurally- mediated syncope group showed statistically significant difference in the duration of asystole. Therefore, when we make a point over 3 seconds of asystole in OCT, it will produce the most similar result with the HUT in neurally-mediated(vasovagal) syncope(specificity 94.4%). CONCLUSION:Generally, syncope in children peaks during adolescence and it is more common among girls than boys. The etiologic diagnostic rate was 78.2% and the neurally-mediated syncope was the most common type. The cardiovascular syncope of children was much less in contrast to that of adults. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical characteristics among the three diagnostic groups. It is concluded that OCT, a non-invasive and relatively safe test, could substitute the invasive, and harmful HUT for vasovagal syncope of children.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child* ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Syncope* ; Syncope, Vasovagal

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic* ; Humans ; Knee* ; Male

BACKGROUND: There have been increasing patients with nail diseases at a dermatology department. Some nail disorders in children may differ from those observed in adults in terms of their incidence or manifestations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the frequency and nature of nail alterations in pediatric patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and clinical photos of 2,514 patients under 18-year-old with nail disorders who had visited Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital between January 2003 and December 2013. RESULTS: The number of pediatric patients with nail disorders has been increased since 2008. Among 2,514 patients, infectious nail diseases were most common (64.4%). Others included; other unclassified nail change (21.4%), traumatic nail disorders (7.9%), nail involvement of dermatologic diseases (4.6%), nail change with systemic conditions (0.7%), tumors involving nail apparatus (0.6%), and congenital or inherited conditions (0.1%). Unlike adults, pediatric patients showed small proportion of onychomycosis but large proportion of traumatic nail diseases CONCLUSION: Most common nail disease in children was viral wart, and this result differed from that of adults in previous studies. Pediatric nail alterations have been increasing major concerns in patients who visit dermatologic clinics so that recognizing the frequency and manifestation of nail disorders in children can be helpful of evaluating pediatric patients with nail change.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child* ; Dermatology ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Medical Records ; Nail Diseases ; Onychomycosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Warts

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have suggested an increased frequency of cardiovascular (CV) diseases in patients with psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we assessed the awareness among psoriasis patients and dermatologists in private primary clinics about the increased CV risk linked to psoriasis, and examined the screening behaviors of dermatologists for CV risk factors in psoriasis patients. METHODS: We distributed questionnaires to dermatologists in primary clinics and to psoriasis patients about their awareness of the increased CV risk factors related with psoriasis. RESULTS: One hundred four patients and 50 dermatologists were included. 64.4% of patients and 92% of dermatologists answered that they know about the increased risk of CV diseases in psoriasis patients. However, far fewer dermatologists than expected followed the screening guidelines for CV risk factors. We found that the duration (p<0.0001) and severity (p<0.0001) of psoriasis were related to patient's awareness. A significant correlation between dermatologists' awareness and the number of psoriasis patients they treated each month was also observed (p<0.024). CONCLUSION: This study may help promote the idea that psoriasis patients require education about their increased CV risk factors and that dermatologists require further education about screening practices to detect CV risk in psoriasis patients.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Education ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Psoriasis* ; Risk Factors* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are closely correlated where previous studies showed that adipocytes release many inflammatory substances. HsCRP is an indicator of an independent risk factor in coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of hsCRP in different types of obese patients. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 7,183 middle-aged Korean adults between the ages of 40 and 60 (men 4,147 and women 3,036) by using a cross-sectional approach. We divided study subjects into 4 different groups; Normal Group (NG; normal waist and normal body mass index), Centrally Obese Group (OB1; Non-obese group with central obestiy), Obese Group without central obesity (OB2) and Obese Group with central obesity (OB3). We compared the difference of anthropometry, metabolic parameters, and hsCRP. RESULTS: Waist circumference (r=0.230, P<.001) and body mass index (r=0.222, P<.001) positively corresponded with high levels of hsCRP. Higher values of hsCRP were found in the OB3 compared to the NG. However, there was no difference between the OB1 and the OB2. The subjects who had central obesity or the metabolic syndrome showed high hsCRP values. The hsCRP values were the highest in subjects who had central obesity with the metabolic syndrome. But, the value of hsCRP was not significantly different in central obesity subjects with or without the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: The highest value of hsCRP was significantly shown in the obese group with central obesity. However, there were no differences found in the hsCRP levels between the non-obese group with central obesity and the obese group without central obesity.
Adipocytes ; Adult ; Anthropometry ; Body Mass Index ; Coronary Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in adolescents and identify risk factors for the recurrence of PSP. METHODS: A total of 292 patients diagnosed with PSP from January 1998 to December 2011 were retrospectively studied. Clinical data on demographics, diagnostic imaging, therapies, and risk factors of recurrence were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The sex ratio of 292 patients was 19.8:1 (male:female), and the average age of the patients was 17.0 years. The average body mass index of the patients was 18.8 kg/m2. The most common presenting symptom was chest pain. There was no seasonal variation in the incidence of PSP. Thirty patients (10.2%) had a history of smoking. The most common location of PSP was the left side. Out of 249 patients, 169 (67.9%) had cysts (blebs/bullae). Fifty-four patients (18.5%) received oxygen therapy, 3 patients (1%) needle aspiration, 119 patients (40.8%) closed tube drainage, and 116 patients (39.7%) surgery. The recurrence rate was 38.6%. Smoking was associated with the size of pneumothorax (P=0.002). Also, the size of pneumothorax and surgery was associated with recurrence (P=0.040 and P=0.004). However, previously reported risk factors for recurrence were not identified in our patients. CONCLUSION: Pediatric PSP occurred mainly in males in late adolescence with normal body mass index. No significant risk factors were related to recurrence of PSP in our study.
Adolescent* ; Body Mass Index ; Chest Pain ; Demography ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Drainage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Needles ; Oxygen ; Pneumothorax* ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Sex Ratio ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: We studied the changes in subtypes of diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and evaluated the characteristics of each group over the past 20 years. In addition, we also examined the correlation between the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values at the time of diagnosis and lipid profiles. METHODS: The patients were divided into 2 groups: there were a total of 190 patients under 20 years of age firstly diagnosed with DM in Ajou University Hospital. The patients in groups I and II were diagnosed from September 1995 to December 2004 and from January 2005 to April 2014, respectively. RESULTS: The characteristics were compared between the 2 groups of patients. The result showed an increase in percentage of type 2 diabetes and maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) patients between the 2 groups. HbA1c and total cholesterol level had statistical significances to explain increasing the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level among age, HbA1c, total cholesterol level, and z-scores of weight and body mass index (BMI) in type 2 diabetes. R-square was 0.074. However, z-score of BMI and total cholesterol level, not HbA1c, had statistical significances in type 1 diabetic patients. R-square was 0.323. CONCLUSION: The increase in the proportions of both type 2 diabetes and MODY in the last 10 years needed to be reminded when diagnosing the subtypes of DM, and the dyslipidemia should be attended more as a common problem of pediatric diabetic patients.
Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Lipoproteins

PURPOSE: We studied the changes in subtypes of diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and evaluated the characteristics of each group over the past 20 years. In addition, we also examined the correlation between the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values at the time of diagnosis and lipid profiles. METHODS: The patients were divided into 2 groups: there were a total of 190 patients under 20 years of age firstly diagnosed with DM in Ajou University Hospital. The patients in groups I and II were diagnosed from September 1995 to December 2004 and from January 2005 to April 2014, respectively. RESULTS: The characteristics were compared between the 2 groups of patients. The result showed an increase in percentage of type 2 diabetes and maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) patients between the 2 groups. HbA1c and total cholesterol level had statistical significances to explain increasing the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level among age, HbA1c, total cholesterol level, and z-scores of weight and body mass index (BMI) in type 2 diabetes. R-square was 0.074. However, z-score of BMI and total cholesterol level, not HbA1c, had statistical significances in type 1 diabetic patients. R-square was 0.323. CONCLUSION: The increase in the proportions of both type 2 diabetes and MODY in the last 10 years needed to be reminded when diagnosing the subtypes of DM, and the dyslipidemia should be attended more as a common problem of pediatric diabetic patients.
Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diagnosis ; Dyslipidemias ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Lipoproteins

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of the timing of treatment initiation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on the change in predicted adult height (PAH) in girls with idiopathic true precocious puberty (TPP). METHODS: Data for this retrospective study were collected on 104 girls with TPP who were treated with GnRHa for 36 months, between January 2002 and March 2012. RESULTS: The PAH SDS differed before and after treatment in all patients (-1.91 +/- 1.47 vs. -1.37 +/- 1.17 after 1 year of treatment, -1.96 +/- 1.58 vs. -0.48 +/- 1.11 after 3 years of treatment) as well as in Group 1 (-2.15 +/- 1.54 vs. -1.51 +/- 1.20 after 1 year of treatment, -2.09 +/- 1.59 vs. -0.55 +/- 1.19 after 3 years of treatment) and Group 2 (-1.57 +/- 1.34 vs. -1.17 +/- 1.12 after 1 year of treatment, -1.50 +/- 1.55 vs. -0.21 +/- 0.74 after 3 years of treatment). This result could be due to improvement in bone age advancement during the treatment. The difference between mid-parental height SDS and PAH SDS was decreased after GnRHa treatment. However, the means of PAH SDS did not surpass the mid-parental height SDS. CONCLUSION: GnRHa treatment can preserve growth potential by slowing bone age progression, resulting in short adult height, but it cannot alter the genetic growth potential.
Adult ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Puberty, Precocious ; Retrospective Studies