PURPOSE: To compare oxidative stress status in the aqueous humor of highly myopic eyes and control eyes. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were collected from 15 highly myopic eyes (high myopia group) and 23 cataractous eyes (control group) during cataract surgery. Central corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality of corneal endothelial cells, and cell area of corneal endothelial cells were measured using specular microscopy. Axial length was measured using ultrasound biometry. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: 8-OHdG level was lower in the aqueous humor of myopic patients than in that of control group (p = 0.014) and was positively correlated with central corneal thickness and negatively correlated with axial length (r = 0.511, p = 0.02; r = -0.382, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between 8-OHdG level and corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality, or cell area. Malondialdehyde level did not show any correlation with any parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: 8-OHdG might be a sensitive biomarker for evaluating oxidative stress status in the eye. Oxidative stress level was lower in the aqueous humor of highly myopic eyes compared to that in control eyes, which indicates lower metabolic activity in these eyes.
Aged ; Aqueous Humor/*metabolism ; Deoxyguanosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/*metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Myopia/*metabolism/physiopathology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Refraction, Ocular/*physiology ; Severity of Illness Index

To investigate effect of fatigue and anticipation on lower extremity joint load during a side-cutting maneuver in female collegiate soccer players, thirteen female collegiate soccer players whose right leg dominant participated in this study. Three dimensional motion analysis system and a force plate were used to record the 45degrees side cutting maneuver. In the first, anticipated and unanticipated cutting were measured in the pre-fatigue condition. Second, participations performed the fatigue protocol by the squat exercise with weight lifting. And then, two different type of cutting task were measured again after fatigue condition. The cutting direction let known before start their running in case of the anticipated cutting, the random signal of cutting direction were presented in the unanticipated condition. In the results, the most influential variable was anticipation factor. Lower limb angles represented significantly flexed posture during unanticipated cutting than anticipated condition. Maximum knee flexion moment represented significantly higher in unanticipated cutting than anticipated cutting. Adduction and internal rotation moment of lower limb joint decreased in unanticipated cutting. Fatigue factor was influenced by the initial contact angles of the ankle joint. Lower limb angles at the initial ground contact indicated more erect posture in post-fatigue condition. The unanticipation factor had more effect on locomotors ability of lower limb in this study. Therefore, the sensory-motor training to adapt to unanticipated situation should be considered for the injury prevention training program.
Ankle Joint ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Leg ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Lower Extremity ; Posture ; Running ; Soccer ; Weight Lifting

PURPOSE: In neurogenic bladder, both smooth muscle contraction and nerve regeneration are very important for functional improvement. Glycine-isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (GIKVAV) is a peptide that can induce nerve regeneration in vivo. In this study, we evaluated bladder function after injection of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and GIKVAV into the cryo-injured bladder of nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human muscle samples were obtained from the rectus abdominis muscle of 12 patients who underwent laparotomy. The purpose and entire method of the study were explained to the patients, and all subjects who participated in this study provided written informed consent. The MDSCs were isolated by a modified preplate technique, and only CD34+ human MDSC were extracted by use of Mini-MACS kits. The nude mice were subdivided into 5 groups (n=40): normal group (N, n=8), saline injection group after cryo-injury (S, n=8), GIKVAV injection group after cryo-injury (G, n=8), human MDSC injection group after cryo-injury (M, n=8), and GIKVAV and human MDSC injection group after cryo-injury (GM, n=8). At 2 weeks after injection, we compared the contractility of a bladder muscle strip of each group by organ bath and polygraph by using electronic field stimulation (EFS). Nerve regeneration was evaluated by choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) immunostaining. RESULTS: The contractile powers of the N, S, G, M, and GM groups were 3.58+/-0.27, 1.54+/-0.25, 1.54+/-0.31, 2.49+/-0.36, and 2.44+/-0.34 mN/mg, respectively, by EFS. The contractility of the bladder muscle strip in the S and G groups was lower than that in the N group. The contractile powers of the M and GM groups were lower than those of the N group but greater than those of the S and G groups. In ChAT immunohistochemical staining, nerve regeneration was increased in the G and GM groups compared with the S and M groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve regeneration was induced by GIKVAV injection regardless of human MDSC injection. There was no direct effect of GIKVAV on bladder muscle contractility.
Animals ; Baths ; Choline ; Contracts ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Laparotomy ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle, Smooth ; Muscles ; Nerve Regeneration ; Rectus Abdominis ; Stem Cells ; Transferases ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic