To better understand the relationship between specific chromosome changes found in human lung tumors and their phenotypic consequences a the tissue level, an in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure of chromosome 17 and immunohistochemistry of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were done. The deparaffinized sections were stained with pericentromeric probes for chromosome 17 and an immunohistochemical study of a monoclonal antibody against PCNA were performed. The numbers of chromosome signals were than compared with the positivity of PCNA expression. The mean numbers of chromosome were 1.62 in normal lymphocytes and 2.48 in lung cancer cells. Tumors showed a high mean positivity of PCNA of 43.4%. Mean PCNA expression was higher in squamous carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas (p<0.05). A linear correlation between numbers of ISH signals and PCNA expression was not demonstrated, but there was a tendency of increasing PCNA positivity according to increasing numbers of ISH signals in adenocarcinomas of the lung and the tumor tissues which were over 50% positive PCNA expression. There was no linear correlation between numbers of ISH signals, PCNA positivity and tumor stages, and keratinization of squamous cell lung cancer. These results suggest that ISH will prove to bo an important tool for determining the underlying genetic basis for tissue phenotypic heterogeneity by allowing genetic determinations to be made on paraffin-embedded tissue sections where histologic architecture is preserved, and immunohistochemical nuclear staining with anti-PCNA on routinely processed tissue is a simple technique for the assessment of proliferation in non-small cell lung carcinoma.
Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Cell Division/physiology ; Chromosome Aberrations/*physiology ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lung Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Nuclear Proteins/analysis ; Phenotype ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

A recombinant adenoviral vector encoding human GDNF gene (Ad -GDNF) was developed to investigate the effect of GDNF gene in 6 -OHDA -induced Parkinson's disease rat. The changes of rotatory behavior and density of TH -immunoreactive axon terminals and number of cell bodies were observed by the GDNF expression. Adult male Sprague -Dawley rats were used. Parkinson's disease (PD) rat models were prepared by the injection of 6 -OHDA into the striatum. After 1 week, the animals showing apomorphine -induced rotatory behavior above 7 turns/ min were defined as PD rat model. Ad -GDNF was injected into the striatum of animal model and tested the apomorphine -induced rotatory behavior at 1 week after injection. These animals were perfused with Zamboni fixative to investigate the morphological changes after rotatory behavior test. Instead of Ad -GDNF, Ad -LacZ injected PD rats were used as a control. The following results are obtained: 1. The apomorphine -induced rotational behavior was significantly reduced by the treatment of PD rat by the injection of Ad -GDNF. The Ad -LacZ injected PD rat showed no change in rotatory behavior. 2. The density of TH -ir axon terminals in the striatum was significantly increased by the Ad -GDNF injection (75% of normal side), but there was no change in the density by the Ad -LacZ injection (37% of normal side) compared to 6 - OHDA lesioned striatum. This means the Ad -GDNF injection prevented the degenerative change of TH -ir axon terminals in the stritum of the PD rat. 3. The number of TH -ir cell body was significantly recovered by the Ad -GDNF (82% of normal side), but there was not recovered by the Ad -LacZ injection (60% of normal side) compared to 6 -OHDA lesion. This means the retrogradely transported Ad -GDNF induced the TH expression in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Gene therapy with Ad -GDNF prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and axon terminals in the 6 - OHDA -induced PD rat.
Adult ; Animals* ; Apomorphine ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Genetic Therapy* ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Models, Animal* ; Parkinson Disease* ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats ; Substantia Nigra

PURPOSE: Our study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of secondary skin infection in patients with atopic dermatitis and their sensitivity to antibiotics for appropriate choice of antibiotics. METHODS: We studied skin culture and their sensitivity results for 218 patients who visited to pediatric allergy clinic from June 2003 to August 2004. After determining minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of antibiotics from randomly selected 40 cases of them, we compared the result with previous data. RESULTS: Age distribution was as follows; 28 cases(12.8%) were under 1 year old, 64 cases(29.4%) were 1 to 3 years old, 63 cases(28.9%) were 4 to 6 years old, and 63 cases (28.9%) were over 7 years old. 121 cases(55.5%) of 218 cases were found to have secondary skin infection. The most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus; 85 cases, 70.2%). The next was Staphylococcus epidermides(S. epidermidis; 22 cases, 18.2%). S. aureus were highly resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, but were relatively highly sensitive to 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporin, gentamicin, and erythromycin. To teicoplanin and vancomycin, they were entirely sensitive. On the other hand, S. epidermidis was highly resistant to 1st generation cephalosporin in addition to ampicillin and penicillin. Moreover, alpha- and beta-hemolytic streptococcus, which were co-infected with S. aureus, showed highly resistance to ampicillin, oxacillin and cephalosporin. In MIC test, methicillin-resistant S. aureus were found in 4 cases. CONCLUSION: Skin culture, sensitivity test and the appropriate choice of antibiotics might be important to control secondary skin infection and atopic dermatitis.
Age Distribution ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Erythromycin ; Gentamicins ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Methicillin Resistance ; Oxacillin ; Penicillins ; Prevalence ; Skin* ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus ; Teicoplanin ; Vancomycin

Acute duodenal ischemia and periampullary intramural hematoma are rare complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). A 77-year-old man with splenomegaly complained of abdominal pain caused by common bile duct (CBD) stone. After successful removal of the CBD stone without immediate complications, the patient developed intramural hematoma around the ampulla of Vater along with diffuse duodenal edema. The findings were compatible with acute intestinal ischemia, and further evaluation revealed that he had underlying primary myelofibrosis. Myeloproliferative diseases are known to be significantly associated with an increased risk of thrombohemorrhagic complications. Therefore, particular attention should be given to this group of patients when a high-risk procedure such as ERCP is performed.
Abdominal Pain ; Aged ; Ampulla of Vater ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Common Bile Duct ; Edema ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Ischemia* ; Primary Myelofibrosis* ; Splenomegaly

Ginsenosides are the major components of ginseng, which is known to modulate blood pressure, metabolism, and immune function, and has been used to treat various diseases. It has been reported that ginseng and several ginsenosides have immunoregulatory effects on the innate and T cell-mediated immune response. However, their effects on the humoral immune response have not been fully explored. The present study examined the direct effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and ginsenosides on mouse B cell proliferation and on antibody production and the expression of germline transcripts (GLT) by mouse B cells in vitro. RGE slightly reduced B cell proliferation, but increased IgA production by LPS-stimulated B cells. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 and 20(S)-Rg3 selectively induced IgA production and expression of GLTalpha transcripts by LPS-stimulated B cells. Collectively, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 and 20(S)-Rg3 can drive the differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing cells through the selective induction of GLTalpha expression.
Animals ; Antibody Formation ; B-Lymphocytes* ; Blood Pressure ; Cell Proliferation ; Ginsenosides ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Panax

BACKGROUND: Failed or hypotensive peristalsis, two of the diagnostic criteria for NEMD, correlates with impaired anterograde propulsion and retrograde escape of esophageal contents. The aim of this study was to evaluate esophageal acid clearance (EAC) in patients with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). METHODS: Of 252 patients performing esophageal manometry and ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, 51 patients with normal motility and acid reflux and 40 patients with IEM and acid reflux were included. RESULTS: The amplitude of peristaltic waves in the proximal and distal esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter pressure was lower significantly in patients with IEM than those with normal motility. Percentage of time of pH<4 in total, upright, and supine period and number of reflux episodes was not different in both. Supine EAC was significantly increased in patients with IEM when compared to those with normal motility. Upright EAC was not different in both. CONCLUSION: We concluded supine EAC is increased in patients with IEM. Since IEM is frequently associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a more intensive therapy must be needed. We propose IEM can be as a specific entity of primary esophageal motility disorder, especially in patients with GERD.
Esophageal Motility Disorders ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower ; Esophagus ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Manometry ; Peristalsis ; United Nations

Objective: This study examined the characteristics of the patients taking poison intentionally at the pre-hospital stage to prevent it at the community level. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data that had been reported to fire stations from January 2017 to December 2018. This data included sex, age, occupation, the season of the year, time, place, methods, alcohol ingestion, transferred to the hospital or not, and we examined how taking poison had an effect on the suicide success rate. Results: The subjects were a total of 1,356 patients who had been reported to fire stations due to intentionally taking poison. Forty-five point five percent of them were male, and 54.5% were female. The most common method of intentional taking poison was sedatives (58.3%), followed by pesticides (24.6%), antidepressants (19.0%), and other methods (12.6%). The home place was preferred more than any other places. The suicide success rate was 2.1% in males and 1.4% in females. For the age groups, those patients 40-64 years old tried taking poison much more than the other age groups. In the aspect of the season of the year, summer was the highest season for taking poison, at 30.3%. The daytime was more preferred than the night time. Conclusion In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the pre-hospital intentional poisoning cases according to gender, age, occupation, season of the year, time, and between the transferred and the untransferred groups. Efforts should be made in cooperation with the community to prevent suicide attempts by intentionally taking poison.

Objective: This study analyzed the characteristics of people who attempted suicide that resulted in deaths as compared to that of the suicide survivors. Methods: This study included 799 suicide attempts that occurred from March 1, 2015, to March 31, 2019 at the emergency department of the university hospital in a city of around 300,000 people. Suicide attempts were classified into the survivor and death groups, and the characteristics of each group were compared. The suicide deaths due to re-attempts were also analyzed. Results: There were more males than females in the death groups. There was a high proportion of people aged 50 or older in the death groups. Hanging, carbon monoxide poisoning, and jumping from great heights were the most commonly used methods of suicide in the death groups. In the selected death group, psychiatric symptom, physical illness, and economic problem among the suicidal causes and depressive disorder among the psychiatric diagnoses were factors that increase the risk of suicide death. Sixty-three point four percent of the survival groups and 52.5% of the selected deaths had not received psychiatric care. On the analysis of suicide deaths due to re-attempts, the average number of suicide attempts was 2.45±0.9. The time from the first suicide attempt to the last suicide attempt was 13.8±10.4 months. Conclusion If it is necessary to make a treatment decision for a suicide attempt in a limited time, such as the case of treating a suicide attempter who visits an emergency department, it is necessary to consider the characteristic factors of the death attempts of suicidal people.

BACKGROUND: Medical skin care is essential for the treatment of skin diseases all over the world. Medical skin care is also part of medical practice and this must be differentiated from the simple skin care that is given for normal healthy skin. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to discuss medical skin care and the related medical devices and legal issues. METHODS: We reviewed the related laws and regulations, we consulted experts and associations and we analyzed the result of the survey. RESULTS: Legally, medical skin care and simple skin care are well classified. However, many illegal procedures are still performed by non-medical personnel and many adverse effects have been reported as a result. Furthermore, there are no legal restrictions for the performer based on the grade of each medical skin care procedure. CONCLUSION: For the best results and safe procedures, medical skin care must be performed by approved medical equipment under the supervision of a physician or medical personnel. Continuous control and guidance by the government is strongly needed.
Jurisprudence ; Organization and Administration ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Skin Diseases ; Social Control, Formal

Incidental thyroid nodules are commonly detected on ultrasonography (US). This has contributed to the rapidly rising incidence of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma over the last 20 years. The appropriate diagnosis and management of these patients is based on the risk factors related to the patients as well as the thyroid nodules. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) published consensus recommendations for US-based management of thyroid nodules in 2011 and revised them in 2016. These guidelines have been used as the standard guidelines in Korea. However, recent advances in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules have necessitated the revision of the original recommendations. The task force of the KSThR has revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and recommendations for US lexicon, biopsy criteria, US criteria of extrathyroidal extension, optimal thyroid computed tomography protocol, and US follow-up of thyroid nodules before and after biopsy. The biopsy criteria were revised to reduce unnecessary biopsies for benign nodules while maintaining an appropriate sensitivity for the detection of malignant tumors in small (1–2 cm) thyroid nodules. The goal of these recommendations is to provide the optimal scientific evidence and expert opinion consensus regarding US-based diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules.