No abstract available.
Colony-Stimulating Factors* ; Transplantation*

Primary breast lesions diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology, confirmed by histologic examination were analyzed by morphometry to evaluate the difference between benign and malignant lesions, and the methods obtaining the sample. Four size factors and 5 form factors were evaluated in 22 fibroadenomas and 20 carcinomas by image analyzer(Zeiss Ibas 2000) using the H-E stained slides. Nuclear size was significantly larger in the carcinoma cells than fibroadenoma cells both in the cytology and biopsy specimens, but the form factors were not significantly different. Both fibroadenoma and carcinoma cells were significantly larger in cytologic smear than histologic section. The cells in the cytology were more regular and round than those in histology, but not statistically significant. Fibroadenomas having cellular proliferation and atypism exhibited larger size and more irregular nuclei than non-proliferative fibroadenoma, but not statistically significant. Therefore nuclear morphometric analysis can be a helpful method to diagnose the questionable breast lesions and is a method appropriate for use as a quality control procedure in the fine needle aspiration cytology.
Biopsy* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast* ; Cell Proliferation ; Fibroadenoma* ; Quality Control

Regenerative medicine (RM) aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish the normal function. RM comprises cells, biomaterials for scaffolds, and growth factors. The cells play an important role in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials can form tissue and transmit biological activity signals and promote cell adhesion. The biological growth factor is a signal transmitter necessary to regenerate tissues and organs. Bioprinting as a powerful tool for building tissue and organ structures in the field of tissue engineering has attracted enormous attention as a fabrication methodology for producing 3-dimensional structures. Bioprinting technology will be needed to treat musculoskeletal diseases. This paper will provide information that can be used as a regenerative medicine treatment for musculoskeletal diseases. It will enable the regeneration of the musculoskeletal system consisting of bones, joints, muscles, and nerves.

To localize glycoconjugates of surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells and chief cells in the developing rat, nine of biotinylated lectin(SBA, DBA, PNA, BSL-1, RCA-1, sWGA, UEA-1, Con A and LCA) were applied with ABC method. In the surface and gastric pit epithelium of body of the stomach, DBA affinity was not demonstrated. Although Con A and LCA affinity were slightly increased after birth, these affinities with RCA-1 and sWGA maintained constantly from fetal to adult rat. And UEA-1 affinity gradually increased from the end of suckling period. BSL-1 and PNA affinity showed a tendency to decrease and was not observed in most cells from the suckling and weanling period respectively. In the gastric gland proper, mucous neck cells and chief cells were not distinguished until the early weanling period. All affinities examined except DBA and BSL-1 were observed and increased in the gland of postnatal rat. With the approach of weanling period, more intense affinity for PNA, RCA-1, sWGA and UEA-1 were found on lower portion of the gastric gland proper and more intense affinity for SBA on upper portion. The mucous neck cells showed a similar affinities as gastric gland proper from the weanling period and two affinities for PNA and Con A were detected in the chief cell.
Adult ; Animals ; Epithelium ; Gastric Mucosa* ; Glycoconjugates ; Humans ; Neck* ; Parturition ; Rats* ; Stomach

MR finding of melanoma shows peculiar signal intensity based on paramagnetic effect of melanin or intratumoral hemorrhage, which displays decreased T1 and T2 relaxation times in many cases. Authors report MR findings in two cases of intracranial metastatic melanoma, which is pathologically confirmed by operation.
Hemorrhage ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Melanins ; Melanoma* ; Relaxation

No abstract available.

Though basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent and increasing malignant tumor of the skin in Korea, its pathological analysis has been done only on the small numbers. So, we did a comprehensive pathologic study on the 283 patients with basal cell carcinoma diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Seoul National(233cases) and Chung-Ang(50cases) University Hospital during 1975-1992. The age distribution was ranged from 15 to 84 years with highest incidence rate in the age group of 5th-8th decades and 83.7% of all patients were over 40 years of age. Sex difference was not noted. The most common site was face occuring in 235 out of 283cases(83.0%) especially in the eyelid(25.5%), nose(17.9%) and cheek(16.6%). The most frequent histopathologic type was solid type(54.0%) followed by mixed(23.9%), adenoid(7.5%), and metatypical(4.7%). Among 51 mixed type, all showed solid components with adenoid(51.0%) followed by morphea(25.5%) and metatypical type(13.7%). And among 14 recurrent cases, solid type is found in 50% of cases. The characteristic clinicopathological findings are solid arrangement of tumor cells with various histological pattern and predominant occurence on the face.
Incidence

The concept of bipolar disorder is an ongoing process, still in evolution, although its roots can be found from ancient Greek. Until recently, it was believed that no more than 1% of the general population has bipolar disorder. But literature on the lifetime prevalence of the bipolar spectrum disorder suggests rates of 4-5%. Bipolar spectrum disorder is a longitudinal diagnosis characterized by abnormal mood swings comprising some of the following cross-sectional clinical states: mania, hypomania, mixed states, hyperthymic temperament, major depressive episode, and depressive mixed state. Failure to recognize subthreshold expressions of mania, such as hypomania, cyclothymia, and hyperthymia, contributes to the frequent under-diagnosis of bipolar disorder. There are several reasons for the lower rate of recognition of subthreshold manic symptoms, when compared to the analogous pure depressive one. These include the lack of subjective suffering, enhanced productivity, egosyntonicity, diurnal and seasonal rhythmicity associated with many of the manic and hypomanic symptoms, and the psychiatrists' difficulty in differentiating with personality disorders. In addition, most patients with bipolar spectrum disorder seek treatment for depression, rather than mania or hypomania. Therefore clinicians often miss the diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder. The recent 10 years of researches have suggested that 30-55% of patients with major depressive disorder are actually identified with broader spectrum of bipolar disorders. However, 48% of patients of bipolar disorder consulted 3 or more professionals before receiving a correct diagnosis, and 10% consulted 7 or more for their first diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Several studies have documented that patients often wait as long as 10 years for the correct diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder. This delay in diagnosis often has substantial adverse results. Patients do not get the appropriate treatment to alleviate their symptoms. They may even get treatments that exacerbate their symptoms, such as prescription of antidepressants precipitating mania and producing rapid cycling. The concepts of hypomania, cyclothymia, mixed state, depressive mixed states, hyperthymic temperament are the new areas of studying mood disorders in recent 20 years. The authors will review the studies on various subtypes of bipolar spectrum disorder with their historic aspects, and introduce the suggested screening tests for bipolar spectrum disorder in clinical practice.
Antidepressive Agents ; Bipolar Disorder ; Classification ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnosis ; Efficiency ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mood Disorders ; Periodicity ; Personality Disorders ; Prescriptions ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Temperament

A 38-year-old female dead body was found in extremely abnormal posture on a chair at an inn. The posture of the dead body was in a state of hyperextension and rotation of the head. The postmortem investigation revealed no evidence of homicide or struggle. The external examination showed facial excoriations formed by pressure with wall. The judicial autopsy revealed liquid heart blood, a few petechia on epicardium and congestion of internal organs. Author supposed two ways of possibility that the dead body's posture. One is due to sudden loss of consciousness by acute heart failure. The other is due to slip of both hands from elbowrest of armchair to move his position. The possibility favors the latter to the former. Author reproduced similar posture with the dead body to explain the mechanism of the death. Conclusion was as follows: the death was due to respiratory insufficiency by phrenic nerve damage, compressional damage of cervical vertebrae and pain shock etc.
Adult ; Autopsy ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Female ; Hand ; Head ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Homicide ; Humans ; Pericardium ; Phrenic Nerve ; Posture* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Shock ; Unconsciousness

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery) MR imaging in cerebral infarction by comparing its results with those of T2-weighted spin-echo imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated fast FLAIR images and conventional spin echo images of 82 patients (47 men and 20 women; median age 60.9 years) with cerebral infarction. MR imaging used a 1.5T MR unit with conventional T2 (TR 3900, TE 90) and fast FLAIR sequence (TR 8000, TE 105, TI 2400). We analysed the size of the main lesion and number of lesions, and discrimination between old and new lesions and between small infarction and perivascular space. RESULTS: When T2-weighted and FLAIR imaging were compared, the latter showed that the main lesion was larger in 38 cases (46%), similar in 38 (46%), and smaller in six (7%). The number of lesions was greater in 23 cases (28%), similar in 52 (63%), and fewer in seven (9%). FLAIR images discriminated between old and new lesions in 31 cases ; perivascular space and small infartion were differentiated in eight cases, and CSF inflowing artifact was observed in 66 (80%). CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of cerebral infaretion, fast FLAIR provides images that are equal or superior to T2-weighted images. The fast FLAIR sequence may therefore be used as a part of routine MR brain study in the diagnosis of cerebral infarction.
Artifacts ; Brain ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Diagnosis ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies